Towards Fair and Efficient Public Transportation: A Bus Stop Model

We consider a stylized formal model of public transportation, where a set of agents need to travel along a given road, and there is a bus that runs the length of this road. Each agent has a left terminal and a right terminal between which they wish to travel; they can walk all the way, or walk to/from the nearest stop and use the bus for the rest of their journey. The bus can make a fixed number of stops, and the planner needs to select locations for these stops. We study notions of efficiency and fairness for this setting. First, we give a polynomial-time algorithm for computing a solution that minimizes the total travel time; our approach can capture further extensions of the base model, such as more general cost functions or existing infrastructure. Second, we develop a polynomial-time algorithm that outputs solutions with provable fairness guarantees (such as a variant of the justified representation axiom or 2-approximate core) as long as the agents' costs only depend on the distance they need to walk. Our simulations indicate that our algorithm almost always outputs fair solutions, even for parameter regimes that do not admit theoretical guarantees.