FEET: A Framework for Evaluating Embedding Techniques
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this study, we introduce FEET, a standardized protocol designed to guide the development and benchmarking of foundation models. While numerous benchmark datasets exist for evaluating these models, we propose a structured evaluation protocol across three distinct scenarios to gain a comprehensive understanding of their practical performance. We define three primary use cases: frozen embeddings, few-shot embeddings, and fully fine-tuned embeddings. Each scenario is detailed and illustrated through two case studies: one in sentiment analysis and another in the medical domain, demonstrating how these evaluations provide a thorough assessment of foundation models' effectiveness in research applications. We recommend this protocol as a standard for future research aimed at advancing representation learning models.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Nov 2024.
Builds on
24 of 40 references.
References · 24
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- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
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12 more
- 2021Compacter: Efficient Low-Rank Hypercomplex Adapter Layerscited by 458
- 2020Fine-Tuning Pretrained Language Models: Weight Initializations, Data Orders, and Early Stoppingcited by 377
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- 2023Fine-tuning can cripple your foundation model; preserving features may be the solutioncited by 92
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- 2024OmniJet-α: The first cross-task foundation model for particle physicscited by 41
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
8 papers.
- 2025HiMAE: Hierarchical Masked Autoencoders Discover Resolution-Specific Structure in Wearable Time Seriescited by 19
- 2025A Case Study Exploring the Current Landscape of Synthetic Medical Record Generation with Commercial LLMscited by 13
- 2025A Collection of Innovations in Medical AI for patient records in 2024cited by 7
- 2025Structured Semantics from Unstructured Notes: Language Model Approaches to EHR-Based Decision Supportcited by 7
- 2026Discriminative Representation Learning for Clinical Predictioncited by 2
- 2026Learning Longitudinal Health Representations from EHR and Wearable Datacited by 1
- 2025An Optimization Algorithm for Multimodal Data Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Dense Feature Learning via Linear Structure Preservation in Medical Datacited by 0
- 2026Discriminative Representation Learning for Clinical Prediction21 Mar 2026
- 2026Dense Feature Learning via Linear Structure Preservation in Medical Data7 Feb 2026
- 2026Learning Longitudinal Health Representations from EHR and Wearable Data18 Jan 2026
- 2025HiMAE: Hierarchical Masked Autoencoders Discover Resolution-Specific Structure in Wearable Time Series28 Oct 2025
- 2025Structured Semantics from Unstructured Notes: Language Model Approaches to EHR-Based Decision Support1 Jun 2025
- 2025A Case Study Exploring the Current Landscape of Synthetic Medical Record Generation with Commercial LLMs20 Apr 2025
- 2025An Optimization Algorithm for Multimodal Data Alignment5 Mar 2025
- 2025A Collection of Innovations in Medical AI for patient records in 202425 Feb 2025