A Multi-Agent Approach to Fault Localization via Graph-Based Retrieval and Reflexion

Identifying and resolving software faults remains a challenging and resource-intensive process. Traditional fault localization techniques, such as Spectrum-Based Fault Localization (SBFL), leverage statistical analysis of test coverage but often suffer from limited accuracy. While learning-based approaches improve fault localization, they demand extensive training datasets and high computational resources. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) offer new opportunities by enhancing code understanding and reasoning. However, existing LLM-based fault localization techniques face significant challenges, including token limitations, performance degradation with long inputs, and scalability issues in complex software systems. To overcome these obstacles, we propose LLM4FL, a multi-agent fault localization framework that utilizes three specialized LLM agents. First, the Context Extraction Agent applies an order-sensitive segmentation strategy to partition large coverage data within the LLM's token limit, analyze failure context, and prioritize failure-related methods. The Debugger Agent then processes the extracted data, which employs graph-based retrieval-augmented code navigation to reason about failure causes and rank suspicious methods. Finally, the Reviewer Agent re-evaluates the identified faulty methods using verbal reinforcement learning, engaging in self-criticism and iterative refinement. Evaluated on the Defects4J (V2.0.0) benchmark, which includes 675 faults from 14 Java projects, LLM4FL achieves an 18.55% improvement in Top-1 accuracy over AutoFL and 4.82% over SoapFL. It outperforms supervised techniques such as DeepFL and Grace, all without requiring task-specific training. Furthermore, its coverage segmentation and prompt chaining strategies enhance performance, increasing Top-1 accuracy by up to 22%.