A Survey on Symbolic Knowledge Distillation of Large Language Models
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
This survey paper delves into the emerging and critical area of symbolic knowledge distillation in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs like Generative Pre-trained Transformer-3 (GPT-3) and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) continue to expand in scale and complexity, the challenge of effectively harnessing their extensive knowledge becomes paramount. This survey concentrates on the process of distilling the intricate, often implicit knowledge contained within these models into a more symbolic, explicit form. This transformation is crucial for enhancing the interpretability, efficiency, and applicability of LLMs. We categorize the existing research based on methodologies and applications, focusing on how symbolic knowledge distillation can be used to improve the transparency and functionality of smaller, more efficient Artificial Intelligence (AI) models. The survey discusses the core challenges, including maintaining the depth of knowledge in a comprehensible format, and explores the various approaches and techniques that have been developed in this field. We identify gaps in current research and potential opportunities for future advancements. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of symbolic knowledge distillation in LLMs, spotlighting its significance in the progression towards more accessible and efficient AI systems.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 155 of its 199 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jul 2024.
Builds on
155 of 199 references.
References · 155
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2017A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictionscited by 6,488
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
38 more
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
- 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,115
- 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,747
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
- 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 2,997
- 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,974
- 2022Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Modelscited by 2,927
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,674
- 2022Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPTcited by 2,609
- 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
- 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,285
- 2015Learning both Weights and Connections for Efficient Neural Networkscited by 1,998
- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,968
- 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
- 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
- 2021WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedbackcited by 1,722
- 2014FitNets: Hints for Thin Deep Netscited by 1,619
- 2020GShard: Scaling Giant Models with Conditional Computation and Automatic Shardingcited by 1,601
- 2020Knowledge Distillation: A Surveycited by 1,578
- 2021Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 1,462
- 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,427
- 2022Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Modelscited by 1,359
- 2020Transformer Feed-Forward Layers Are Key-Value Memoriescited by 1,307
- 2023A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 1,227
- 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,218
- 2021Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gophercited by 1,199
- 2023WizardLM: Empowering large pre-trained language models to follow complex instructionscited by 1,116
- 2016Paying More Attention to Attention: Improving the Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks via Attention Transfercited by 1,059
- 2019Attention is not Explanationcited by 916
- 2021GLaM: Efficient Scaling of Language Models with Mixture-of-Expertscited by 890
- 2022GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-trained Modelcited by 837
- 2023Enhancing Chat Language Models by Scaling High-quality Instructional Conversationscited by 825
- 2022Galactica: A Large Language Model for Sciencecited by 736
- 2019Contrastive Representation Distillationcited by 734
- 2022GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Modelcited by 711
- 2023Distilling Step-by-Step! Outperforming Larger Language Models with Less Training Data and Smaller Model Sizescited by 710
- 2023Siren's Song in the AI Ocean: A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Modelscited by 695
50 most cited of 155 All 155 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
9 papers.
- 2024Applications of Knowledge Distillation in Remote Sensing: A Surveycited by 8
- 2025An evaluation of DeepSeek Models in Biomedical Natural Language Processingcited by 6
- 2025Investigating Symbolic Triggers of Hallucination in Gemma Models Across HaluEval and TruthfulQAcited by 3
- 2025Agentic Satellite-Augmented Low-Altitude Economy and Terrestrial Networks: A Survey on Generative Approachescited by 2
- 2025Neuro-Symbolic Frameworks: Conceptual Characterization and Empirical Comparative Analysiscited by 2
- 2025Foundation Models in Biomedical Imaging: Turning Hype into Realitycited by 2
- 2024FTSmartAudit: A Knowledge Distillation-Enhanced Framework for Automated Smart Contract Auditing Using Fine-Tuned LLMscited by 1
- 2026Beyond Factual Accuracy: Evaluating Global Reasoning Integrity in RAG Systems with LogicScorecited by 1
- 2025Distilling Balanced Knowledge from a Biased Teachercited by 0
- 2026Beyond Factual Accuracy: Evaluating Global Reasoning Integrity in RAG Systems with LogicScore21 Jan 2026
- 2025Foundation Models in Biomedical Imaging: Turning Hype into Reality17 Dec 2025
- 2025Investigating Symbolic Triggers of Hallucination in Gemma Models Across HaluEval and TruthfulQA9 Sep 2025
- 2025Neuro-Symbolic Frameworks: Conceptual Characterization and Empirical Comparative Analysis8 Sep 2025
- 2025Agentic Satellite-Augmented Low-Altitude Economy and Terrestrial Networks: A Survey on Generative Approaches19 Jul 2025
- 2025Distilling Balanced Knowledge from a Biased Teacher23 Jun 2025
- 2025An evaluation of DeepSeek Models in Biomedical Natural Language Processing1 Mar 2025
- 2024FTSmartAudit: A Knowledge Distillation-Enhanced Framework for Automated Smart Contract Auditing Using Fine-Tuned LLMs17 Oct 2024
- 2024Applications of Knowledge Distillation in Remote Sensing: A Survey18 Sep 2024