mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

GRAD-SUM: Leveraging Gradient Summarization for Optimal Prompt Engineering

arXiv 2407.12865 ↗First posted 12 Jul 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 7

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Abstract (arXiv)

Prompt engineering for large language models (LLMs) is often a manual time-intensive process that involves generating, evaluating, and refining prompts iteratively to ensure high-quality outputs. While there has been work on automating prompt engineering, the solutions generally are either tuned to specific tasks with given answers or are quite costly. We introduce GRAD-SUM, a scalable and flexible method for automatic prompt engineering that builds on gradient-based optimization techniques. Our approach incorporates user-defined task descriptions and evaluation criteria, and features a novel gradient summarization module to generalize feedback effectively. Our results demonstrate that GRAD-SUM consistently outperforms existing methods across various benchmarks, highlighting its versatility and effectiveness in automatic prompt optimization.

Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jul 2024.

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17 of 22 references.

References · 17

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
  3. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
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  5. 2019HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?cited by 4,018
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  7. 2018HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3,686
  8. 2022Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineerscited by 1,020
  9. 2023Large Language Models Cannot Self-Correct Reasoning Yetcited by 965
  10. 2023DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into Self-Improving Pipelinescited by 803
  11. 2023CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquingcited by 751
  12. 2023Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Searchcited by 628
5 more
  1. 2023Promptbreeder: Self-Referential Self-Improvement Via Prompt Evolutioncited by 521
  2. 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learningcited by 361
  3. 2023GPT-4 Doesn't Know It's Wrong: An Analysis of Iterative Prompting for Reasoning Problemscited by 88
  4. 2014Algorithms for multi-armed bandit problemscited by 63
  5. 2024Are Large Language Models Good Prompt Optimizers?cited by 37

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 4.

7 papers.