GRAD-SUM: Leveraging Gradient Summarization for Optimal Prompt Engineering
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Abstract (arXiv)
Prompt engineering for large language models (LLMs) is often a manual time-intensive process that involves generating, evaluating, and refining prompts iteratively to ensure high-quality outputs. While there has been work on automating prompt engineering, the solutions generally are either tuned to specific tasks with given answers or are quite costly. We introduce GRAD-SUM, a scalable and flexible method for automatic prompt engineering that builds on gradient-based optimization techniques. Our approach incorporates user-defined task descriptions and evaluation criteria, and features a novel gradient summarization module to generalize feedback effectively. Our results demonstrate that GRAD-SUM consistently outperforms existing methods across various benchmarks, highlighting its versatility and effectiveness in automatic prompt optimization.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jul 2024.
Builds on
17 of 22 references.
References · 17
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- 2023Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Searchcited by 628
5 more
- 2023Promptbreeder: Self-Referential Self-Improvement Via Prompt Evolutioncited by 521
- 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learningcited by 361
- 2023GPT-4 Doesn't Know It's Wrong: An Analysis of Iterative Prompting for Reasoning Problemscited by 88
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- 2024Are Large Language Models Good Prompt Optimizers?cited by 37
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 4.
7 papers.
- 2024Efficient and Accurate Prompt Optimization: the Benefit of Memory in Exemplar-Guided Reflectioncited by 18
- 2024How to Correctly do Semantic Backpropagation on Language-based Agentic Systemscited by 18
- 2025Prompting in the Dark: Assessing Human Performance in Prompt Engineering for Data Labeling When Gold Labels Are Absentcited by 15
- 2025ATLAS: Adaptive Trading with LLM AgentS Through Dynamic Prompt Optimization and Multi-Agent Coordinationcited by 7
- 2025Prompt and Parameter Co-Optimization for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Scaffolded Language Models with Language Supervision for Mixed-Autonomy: A Surveycited by 1
- 2025Towards more Contextual Agents: An extractor-Generator Optimization Frameworkcited by 1
- 2025ATLAS: Adaptive Trading with LLM AgentS Through Dynamic Prompt Optimization and Multi-Agent Coordination10 Oct 2025
- 2025Prompt and Parameter Co-Optimization for Large Language Models29 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards more Contextual Agents: An extractor-Generator Optimization Framework18 Feb 2025
- 2025Prompting in the Dark: Assessing Human Performance in Prompt Engineering for Data Labeling When Gold Labels Are Absent16 Feb 2025
- 2024How to Correctly do Semantic Backpropagation on Language-based Agentic Systems4 Dec 2024
- 2024Efficient and Accurate Prompt Optimization: the Benefit of Memory in Exemplar-Guided Reflection12 Nov 2024
- 2024Scaffolded Language Models with Language Supervision for Mixed-Autonomy: A Survey21 Oct 2024