Self-Evaluation as a Defense Against Adversarial Attacks on LLMs
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce a defense against adversarial attacks on LLMs utilizing self-evaluation. Our method requires no model fine-tuning, instead using pre-trained models to evaluate the inputs and outputs of a generator model, significantly reducing the cost of implementation in comparison to other, finetuning-based methods. Our method can significantly reduce the attack success rate of attacks on both open and closed-source LLMs, beyond the reductions demonstrated by Llama-Guard2 and commonly used content moderation APIs. We present an analysis of the effectiveness of our method, including attempts to attack the evaluator in various settings, demonstrating that it is also more resilient to attacks than existing methods. Code and data will be made available at https://github.com/Linlt-leon/self-eval.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Jul 2024.
Builds on
12 of 27 references.
References · 12
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
- 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Modelscited by 3,104
- 2022Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Knowcited by 1,856
- 2023Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversationscited by 1,207
- 2023Baseline Defenses for Adversarial Attacks Against Aligned Language Modelscited by 651
- 2023Safety-Tuned LLaMAs: Lessons From Improving the Safety of Large Language Models that Follow Instructionscited by 387
- 2023NeMo Guardrails: A Toolkit for Controllable and Safe LLM Applications with Programmable Railscited by 365
- 2023Certifying LLM Safety against Adversarial Promptingcited by 266
- 2023LLM Self Defense: By Self Examination, LLMs Know They Are Being Trickedcited by 244
- 2023Self-Evaluation Guided Beam Search for Reasoningcited by 196
- 2018A Survey on Natural Language Processing for Fake News Detectioncited by 67
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.
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- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 126
- 2024ETA: Evaluating Then Aligning Safety of Vision Language Models at Inference Timecited by 60
- 2025Real AI Agents with Fake Memories: Fatal Context Manipulation Attacks on Web3 Agentscited by 24
- 2024Jigsaw Puzzles: Splitting Harmful Questions to Jailbreak Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2025To Protect the LLM Agent Against the Prompt Injection Attack with Polymorphic Promptcited by 15
- 2025SecurityLingua: Efficient Defense of LLM Jailbreak Attacks via Security-Aware Prompt Compressioncited by 13
- 2025AISafetyLab: A Comprehensive Framework for AI Safety Evaluation and Improvementcited by 12
- 2026SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attackscited by 3
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Managementcited by 2
- 2026Layered LLM Defenses as an Ensemble: Access Tiers, Inference Cost, and the Measured Failure Correlation Between Defense Layerscited by 2
- 2025Sanitize Your Responses: Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Over-refusal for Large Language Models via Representation Interventioncited by 1
- 2026Layered LLM Defenses as an Ensemble: Access Tiers, Inference Cost, and the Measured Failure Correlation Between Defense Layers28 Aug 2026
- 2026When Prompts Become Payloads: A Framework for Mitigating SQL Injection Attacks in Large Language Model-Driven Applications11 May 2026
- 2026SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attacks6 May 2026
- 2026GuardAlign: Test-time Safety Alignment in Multimodal Large Language Models27 Feb 2026
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Over-refusal for Large Language Models via Representation Intervention24 Nov 2025
- 2025Sanitize Your Responses: Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Large Language Models29 Sep 2025
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Management17 Sep 2025
- 2025SecurityLingua: Efficient Defense of LLM Jailbreak Attacks via Security-Aware Prompt Compression15 Jun 2025
- 2025To Protect the LLM Agent Against the Prompt Injection Attack with Polymorphic Prompt6 Jun 2025
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systems31 Mar 2025
- 2025Real AI Agents with Fake Memories: Fatal Context Manipulation Attacks on Web3 Agents20 Mar 2025
- 2025AISafetyLab: A Comprehensive Framework for AI Safety Evaluation and Improvement24 Feb 2025
- 2025Real AI Agents with Fake Memories: Fatal Context Manipulation Attacks on Web3 Agentscited by 24
- 2026SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attackscited by 3
- 2025Sanitize Your Responses: Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Over-refusal for Large Language Models via Representation Interventioncited by 1
- 2026When Prompts Become Payloads: A Framework for Mitigating SQL Injection Attacks in Large Language Model-Driven Applicationscited by 0
- 2026When Prompts Become Payloads: A Framework for Mitigating SQL Injection Attacks in Large Language Model-Driven Applications11 May 2026
- 2026SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attacks6 May 2026
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Over-refusal for Large Language Models via Representation Intervention24 Nov 2025
- 2025Sanitize Your Responses: Mitigating Privacy Leakage in Large Language Models29 Sep 2025
- 2025Real AI Agents with Fake Memories: Fatal Context Manipulation Attacks on Web3 Agents20 Mar 2025
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 126
- 2025To Protect the LLM Agent Against the Prompt Injection Attack with Polymorphic Promptcited by 15
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Managementcited by 2
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Management17 Sep 2025
- 2025To Protect the LLM Agent Against the Prompt Injection Attack with Polymorphic Prompt6 Jun 2025
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systems31 Mar 2025