Assessing the Emergent Symbolic Reasoning Abilities of Llama Large Language Models
On the map: LLM reasoning → Mathematical reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve impressive performance in a wide range of tasks, even if they are often trained with the only objective of chatting fluently with users. Among other skills, LLMs show emergent abilities in mathematical reasoning benchmarks, which can be elicited with appropriate prompting methods. In this work, we systematically investigate the capabilities and limitations of popular open-source LLMs on different symbolic reasoning tasks. We evaluate three models of the Llama 2 family on two datasets that require solving mathematical formulas of varying degrees of difficulty. We test a generalist LLM (Llama 2 Chat) as well as two fine-tuned versions of Llama 2 (MAmmoTH and MetaMath) specifically designed to tackle mathematical problems. We observe that both increasing the scale of the model and fine-tuning it on relevant tasks lead to significant performance gains. Furthermore, using fine-grained evaluation measures, we find that such performance gains are mostly observed with mathematical formulas of low complexity, which nevertheless often remain challenging even for the largest fine-tuned models.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Mathematical reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 20 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2024.
Builds on
20 of 24 references.
Closest ancestors · 3
Same direction, newest first
- 2023A Hybrid System for Systematic Generalization in Simple Arithmetic Problems29 Jun
- 2023Can neural networks do arithmetic? A survey on the elementary numerical skills of state-of-the-art deep learning models14 Mar
- 2022Transformers discover an elementary calculation system exploiting local attention and grid-like problem representation6 Jul
Other references · 17
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
- 2022Emergent Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 2,512
- 2023MetaMath: Bootstrap Your Own Mathematical Questions for Large Language Modelscited by 735
- 2023Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage?cited by 523
- 2023MAmmoTH: Building Math Generalist Models through Hybrid Instruction Tuningcited by 487
- 2019Compositionality decomposed: how do neural networks generalise?cited by 265
- 2022Emergent Analogical Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 240
5 more
- 2023Inverse Scaling: When Bigger Isn't Bettercited by 207
- 2021Investigating the Limitations of Transformers with Simple Arithmetic Taskscited by 139
- 2018ListOps: A Diagnostic Dataset for Latent Tree Learningcited by 129
- 2021The Neural Data Router: Adaptive Control Flow in Transformers Improves Systematic Generalizationcited by 62
- 2024Benchmarking GPT-4 on Algorithmic Problems: A Systematic Evaluation of Prompting Strategiescited by 9
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 3.
3 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024GSM-Symbolic: Understanding the Limitations of Mathematical Reasoning in Large Language Models
- 2025Large Language Models and Mathematical Reasoning Failures
- 2025Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning Across Large Language Models: A Fine-Grained Approach
- 2025Mathematical Reasoning in Large Language Models: Assessing Logical and Arithmetic Errors across Wide Numerical Ranges
- 2025Do LLMs Overthink Basic Math Reasoning? Benchmarking the Accuracy-Efficiency Tradeoff in Language Models
- 2026Mathematical Reasoning in Large Language Models: Benchmarks, Architectures, Evaluation, and Open Challenges
- 2023Is Bigger and Deeper Always Better? Probing LLaMA Across Scales and Layers
- 2024MathHay: An Automated Benchmark for Long-Context Mathematical Reasoning in LLMs