LLM-Vectorizer: LLM-based Verified Loop Vectorizer
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Abstract (arXiv)
Vectorization is a powerful optimization technique that significantly boosts the performance of high performance computing applications operating on large data arrays. Despite decades of research on auto-vectorization, compilers frequently miss opportunities to vectorize code. On the other hand, writing vectorized code manually using compiler intrinsics is still a complex, error-prone task that demands deep knowledge of specific architecture and compilers. In this paper, we evaluate the potential of large-language models (LLMs) to generate vectorized (Single Instruction Multiple Data) code from scalar programs that process individual array elements. We propose a novel finite-state machine multi-agents based approach that harnesses LLMs and test-based feedback to generate vectorized code. Our findings indicate that LLMs are capable of producing high performance vectorized code with run-time speedup ranging from 1.1x to 9.4x as compared to the state-of-the-art compilers such as Intel Compiler, GCC, and Clang. To verify the correctness of vectorized code, we use Alive2, a leading bounded translation validation tool for LLVM IR. We describe a few domain-specific techniques to improve the scalability of Alive2 on our benchmark dataset. Overall, our approach is able to verify 38.2% of vectorizations as correct on the TSVC benchmark dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jun 2024.
Builds on
6 of 27 references.
References · 6
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2020Unsupervised Translation of Programming Languagescited by 262
- 2023Large Language Models for Compiler Optimizationcited by 52
- 2019NeuroVectorizer: End-to-End Vectorization with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 37
- 20243DGen: AI-Assisted Generation of Provably Correct Binary Format Parserscited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 11; 2026: 12.
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- 2024Meta Large Language Model Compiler: Foundation Models of Compiler Optimizationcited by 39
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- 2025ProofWright: Towards Agentic Formal Verification of CUDAcited by 8
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- 2025Agentic Auto-Scheduling: An Experimental Study of LLM-Guided Loop Optimizationcited by 4
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- 2025LOOPRAG: Enhancing Loop Transformation Optimization with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026AutoPass: Evidence-Guided LLM Agents for Compiler Performance Tuningcited by 1
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- 2026Do AI Agents Understand Computer Architecture?16 Sep 2026
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- 2026Semantic-aware and Self-improving Program Reduction via Agentic Large Language Models4 Jul 2026
- 2026AutoPass: Evidence-Guided LLM Agents for Compiler Performance Tuning18 Jun 2026
- 2026AutoVecCoder: Teaching LLMs to Generate Explicitly Vectorized Code18 May 2026
- 2026Agentic Harness for Real-World Compilers20 Mar 2026
- 2026Rudder: Steering Prefetching in Distributed GNN Training using LLM Agents26 Feb 2026
- 2026Beyond Pass-by-Pass Optimization: Intent-Driven IR Optimization with Large Language Models19 Feb 2026
- 2026KernelBlaster: Continual Cross-Task CUDA Optimization via Memory-Augmented In-Context Reinforcement Learning15 Feb 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage GPU Kernel Tuner Combining Semantic Refactoring and Search-Based Optimization19 Jan 2026
- 2026The New Compiler Stack: A Survey on the Synergy of LLMs and Compilers5 Jan 2026
13 more
- 2025PerfCoder: Large Language Models for Interpretable Code Performance Optimization16 Dec 2025
- 2025GPU Kernel Optimization Beyond Full Builds: An LLM Framework with Minimal Executable Programs15 Dec 2025
- 2025LOOPRAG: Enhancing Loop Transformation Optimization with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models12 Dec 2025
- 2025ProofWright: Towards Agentic Formal Verification of CUDA15 Nov 2025
- 2025Agentic Auto-Scheduling: An Experimental Study of LLM-Guided Loop Optimization1 Nov 2025
- 2025The FM Agent30 Oct 2025
- 2025Instruction Set Migration at Warehouse Scale16 Oct 2025
- 2025Astra: A Multi-Agent System for GPU Kernel Performance Optimization9 Sep 2025
- 2025Autocomp: A Powerful and Portable Code Optimizer for Tensor Accelerators24 May 2025
- 2025SuperCoder: Assembly Program Superoptimization with Large Language Models16 May 2025
- 2025VecTrans: Enhancing Compiler Auto-Vectorization through LLM-Assisted Code Transformations25 Mar 2025
- 2024Meta Large Language Model Compiler: Foundation Models of Compiler Optimization27 Jun 2024
- 2024UNO Arena for Evaluating Sequential Decision-Making Capability of Large Language Models24 Jun 2024
- 2025Astra: A Multi-Agent System for GPU Kernel Performance Optimizationcited by 46
- 2025The FM Agentcited by 20
- 2026KernelBlaster: Continual Cross-Task CUDA Optimization via Memory-Augmented In-Context Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
- 2025ProofWright: Towards Agentic Formal Verification of CUDAcited by 8
- 2025Agentic Auto-Scheduling: An Experimental Study of LLM-Guided Loop Optimizationcited by 4
- 2026Agentic Harness for Real-World Compilerscited by 3
- 2026AutoPass: Evidence-Guided LLM Agents for Compiler Performance Tuningcited by 1
- 2026Rudder: Steering Prefetching in Distributed GNN Training using LLM Agentscited by 0
- 2026Semantic-aware and Self-improving Program Reduction via Agentic Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Simthesizer: An Agent-Driven Simulation Framework for LLM Serving Systemscited by 0
- 2026Simthesizer: An Agent-Driven Simulation Framework for LLM Serving Systems25 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantic-aware and Self-improving Program Reduction via Agentic Large Language Models4 Jul 2026
- 2026AutoPass: Evidence-Guided LLM Agents for Compiler Performance Tuning18 Jun 2026
- 2026Agentic Harness for Real-World Compilers20 Mar 2026
- 2026Rudder: Steering Prefetching in Distributed GNN Training using LLM Agents26 Feb 2026
- 2026KernelBlaster: Continual Cross-Task CUDA Optimization via Memory-Augmented In-Context Reinforcement Learning15 Feb 2026
- 2025ProofWright: Towards Agentic Formal Verification of CUDA15 Nov 2025
- 2025Agentic Auto-Scheduling: An Experimental Study of LLM-Guided Loop Optimization1 Nov 2025
- 2025The FM Agent30 Oct 2025
- 2025Astra: A Multi-Agent System for GPU Kernel Performance Optimization9 Sep 2025
- 2024Meta Large Language Model Compiler: Foundation Models of Compiler Optimizationcited by 39
- 2025Autocomp: A Powerful and Portable Code Optimizer for Tensor Acceleratorscited by 12
- 2024UNO Arena for Evaluating Sequential Decision-Making Capability of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025SuperCoder: Assembly Program Superoptimization with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025VecTrans: Enhancing Compiler Auto-Vectorization through LLM-Assisted Code Transformationscited by 4
- 2025PerfCoder: Large Language Models for Interpretable Code Performance Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025GPU Kernel Optimization Beyond Full Builds: An LLM Framework with Minimal Executable Programscited by 3
- 2026A Two-Stage GPU Kernel Tuner Combining Semantic Refactoring and Search-Based Optimizationcited by 3
- 2026Beyond Pass-by-Pass Optimization: Intent-Driven IR Optimization with Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Instruction Set Migration at Warehouse Scalecited by 0
- 2026The New Compiler Stack: A Survey on the Synergy of LLMs and Compilerscited by 0
- 2026AutoVecCoder: Teaching LLMs to Generate Explicitly Vectorized Codecited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026Do AI Agents Understand Computer Architecture?16 Sep 2026
- 2026T-LLM Compiler: Trusted LLM-based Code Optimization and Verification Framework15 Aug 2026
- 2026AutoVecCoder: Teaching LLMs to Generate Explicitly Vectorized Code18 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Pass-by-Pass Optimization: Intent-Driven IR Optimization with Large Language Models19 Feb 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage GPU Kernel Tuner Combining Semantic Refactoring and Search-Based Optimization19 Jan 2026
- 2026The New Compiler Stack: A Survey on the Synergy of LLMs and Compilers5 Jan 2026
- 2025PerfCoder: Large Language Models for Interpretable Code Performance Optimization16 Dec 2025
- 2025GPU Kernel Optimization Beyond Full Builds: An LLM Framework with Minimal Executable Programs15 Dec 2025
- 2025Instruction Set Migration at Warehouse Scale16 Oct 2025
- 2025Autocomp: A Powerful and Portable Code Optimizer for Tensor Accelerators24 May 2025
- 2025SuperCoder: Assembly Program Superoptimization with Large Language Models16 May 2025
- 2025VecTrans: Enhancing Compiler Auto-Vectorization through LLM-Assisted Code Transformations25 Mar 2025
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)