mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RKLD: Reverse KL-Divergence-based Knowledge Distillation for Unlearning Personal Information in Large Language Models

arXiv 2406.01983 ↗First posted 4 Jun 2024cs.CLcited by 21

On the map: LLM safety and security → Machine unlearning

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

With the passage of the Right to Be Forgotten (RTBF) regulations and the scaling up of language model training datasets, research on model unlearning in large language models (LLMs) has become more crucial. Before the era of LLMs, machine unlearning research focused mainly on classification tasks in models with small parameters. In these tasks, the content to be forgotten or retained is clear and straightforward. However, as parameter sizes have grown and tasks have become more complex, balancing forget quality and model utility has become more challenging, especially in scenarios involving personal data instead of classification results. Existing methods based on gradient ascent and its variants often struggle with this balance, leading to unintended information loss or partial forgetting. To address this challenge, we propose RKLD, a novel Reverse KL-Divergence-based Knowledge Distillation unlearning algorithm for LLMs targeting the unlearning of personal information. Through RKLD, we achieve significant forget quality and effectively maintain the model utility in our experiments.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Machine unlearning, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 23 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jun 2024.

Builds on

23 of 36 references.

Closest ancestors · 9

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Negative Preference Optimization: From Catastrophic Collapse to Effective Unlearning8 Apr
  2. 2024TOFU: A Task of Fictitious Unlearning for LLMs11 Jan
  3. 2023Unlearn What You Want to Forget: Efficient Unlearning for LLMs31 Oct
  4. 2023In-Context Unlearning: Language Models as Few Shot Unlearners11 Oct
  5. 2023Who's Harry Potter? Approximate Unlearning in LLMs3 Oct
  6. 2023KGA: A General Machine Unlearning Framework Based on Knowledge Gap Alignment11 May
  7. 2022Knowledge Unlearning for Mitigating Privacy Risks in Language Models4 Oct
  8. 2022Quark: Controllable Text Generation with Reinforced Unlearning26 May
  9. 2021Remember What You Want to Forget: Algorithms for Machine Unlearning4 Mar

Other references · 14

  1. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  2. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
  3. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
  4. 2020Extracting Training Data from Large Language Modelscited by 2,189
  5. 2019Machine Unlearningcited by 1,061
  6. 2019Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Net: Selective Forgetting in Deep Networkscited by 618
  7. 2023Forget-Me-Not: Learning to Forget in Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 301
  8. 2021Dataset Inference: Ownership Resolution in Machine Learningcited by 116
  9. 2022Federated Unlearning: How to Efficiently Erase a Client in FL?cited by 95
  10. 2023Privacy Issues in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 60
  11. 2022uChecker: Masked Pretrained Language Models as Unsupervised Chinese Spelling Checkerscited by 9
  12. 2022PhysNLU: A Language Resource for Evaluating Natural Language Understanding and Explanation Coherence in Physicscited by 3
2 more
  1. 2023Gradient Ascent Post-training Enhances Language Model Generalizationcited by 3
  2. 2016f-Divergence Inequalities via Functional Dominationcited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 12; 2026: 5.

21 papers.

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  1. 2024Simplicity Prevails: Rethinking Negative Preference Optimization for LLM Unlearningcited by 172
  2. 2024A Closer Look at Machine Unlearning for Large Language Modelscited by 56
  3. 2025LLM Collaboration With Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 49
  4. 2024Meta-Unlearning on Diffusion Models: Preventing Relearning Unlearned Conceptscited by 40
  5. 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Machine Unlearning Techniques for Large Language Modelscited by 34
  6. 2025Reasoning Model Unlearning: Forgetting Traces, Not Just Answers, While Preserving Reasoning Skillscited by 14
  7. 2025SAUCE: Selective Concept Unlearning in Vision-Language Models with Sparse Autoencoderscited by 13
  8. 2025Distillation Robustifies Unlearningcited by 11
  9. 2025Does Machine Unlearning Truly Remove Knowledge?cited by 7
  10. 2026Attention Smoothing Is All You Need For Unlearningcited by 7
  11. 2025Step-by-Step Reasoning Attack: Revealing 'Erased' Knowledge in Large Language Modelscited by 6
  12. 2025Erasing Without Remembering: Implicit Knowledge Forgetting in Large Language Modelscited by 5
9 more
  1. 2026REBEL: Hidden Knowledge Recovery via Evolutionary-Based Evaluation Loopcited by 4
  2. 2024A More Practical Approach to Machine Unlearningcited by 3
  3. 2025Efficient Verified Machine Unlearning For Distillationcited by 2
  4. 2025AUVIC: Adversarial Unlearning of Visual Concepts for Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 2
  5. 2025Lifelong Learning with Behavior Consolidation for Vehicle Routingcited by 1
  6. 2025Erase to Retain: Low Rank Adaptation Guided Selective Unlearning in Medical Segmentation Networkscited by 0
  7. 2026EvoMU: Evolutionary Machine Unlearningcited by 0
  8. 2026SHRED: Retain-Set-Free Unlearning via Self-Distillation with Logit Demotioncited by 0
  9. 2026Fast Unlearning at Scale via Margin Self-Correctioncited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Unlearning in LLMs: Methods, Evaluation, and Open Challenges
  2. 2024UNDIAL: Self-Distillation with Adjusted Logits for Robust Unlearning in Large Language Models
  3. 2024To Forget or Not? Towards Practical Knowledge Unlearning for Large Language Models
  4. 2025Unlearning That Lasts: Utility-Preserving, Robust, and Almost Irreversible Forgetting in LLMs
  5. 2024RWKU: Benchmarking Real-World Knowledge Unlearning for Large Language Models
  6. 2026Confess What You Know: Forget-Set Misalignment with Model Knowledge in LLM Unlearning
  7. 2024Machine Unlearning in Large Language Models
  8. 2025Hierarchical Federated Unlearning for Large Language Models