Evaluating large language models in medical applications: a survey
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools with transformative potential across numerous domains, including healthcare and medicine. In the medical domain, LLMs hold promise for tasks ranging from clinical decision support to patient education. However, evaluating the performance of LLMs in medical contexts presents unique challenges due to the complex and critical nature of medical information. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the landscape of medical LLM evaluation, synthesizing insights from existing studies and highlighting evaluation data sources, task scenarios, and evaluation methods. Additionally, it identifies key challenges and opportunities in medical LLM evaluation, emphasizing the need for continued research and innovation to ensure the responsible integration of LLMs into clinical practice.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 2 of its 3 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 May 2024.
Builds on
2 of 3 references.
References · 2
- 2023Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Modelscited by 382
- 2023Towards Generalist Biomedical AIcited by 286
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
8 papers.
- 2024EyeCLIP: A visual-language foundation model for multi-modal ophthalmic image analysiscited by 14
- 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detectioncited by 13
- 2025DeepSeek-R1 Outperforms Gemini 2.0 Pro, OpenAI o1, and o3-mini in Bilingual Complex Ophthalmology Reasoningcited by 6
- 2024Visual Question Answering in Ophthalmology: A Progressive and Practical Perspectivecited by 1
- 2026Evaluating the Pre-Consultation Ability of LLMs using Diagnostic Guidelinescited by 1
- 2025LLMs for LLMs: A Structured Prompting Methodology for Long Legal Documentscited by 0
- 2025Mirror, Mirror on the Wall -- Which is the Best Model of Them All?cited by 0
- 2026Toward Workflow-Aware Benchmarking for Healthcare NLP Agentscited by 0
- 2026Toward Workflow-Aware Benchmarking for Healthcare NLP Agents31 Aug 2026
- 2026Evaluating the Pre-Consultation Ability of LLMs using Diagnostic Guidelines7 Jan 2026
- 2025Mirror, Mirror on the Wall -- Which is the Best Model of Them All?25 Nov 2025
- 2025LLMs for LLMs: A Structured Prompting Methodology for Long Legal Documents2 Sep 2025
- 2025DeepSeek-R1 Outperforms Gemini 2.0 Pro, OpenAI o1, and o3-mini in Bilingual Complex Ophthalmology Reasoning25 Feb 2025
- 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detection17 Feb 2025
- 2024Visual Question Answering in Ophthalmology: A Progressive and Practical Perspective22 Oct 2024
- 2024EyeCLIP: A visual-language foundation model for multi-modal ophthalmic image analysis10 Sep 2024