UnibucLLM: Harnessing LLMs for Automated Prediction of Item Difficulty and Response Time for Multiple-Choice Questions
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Abstract (arXiv)
This work explores a novel data augmentation method based on Large Language Models (LLMs) for predicting item difficulty and response time of retired USMLE Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) in the BEA 2024 Shared Task. Our approach is based on augmenting the dataset with answers from zero-shot LLMs (Falcon, Meditron, Mistral) and employing transformer-based models based on six alternative feature combinations. The results suggest that predicting the difficulty of questions is more challenging. Notably, our top performing methods consistently include the question text, and benefit from the variability of LLM answers, highlighting the potential of LLMs for improving automated assessment in medical licensing exams. We make our code available https://github.com/ana-rogoz/BEA-2024.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 3 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2024.
Builds on
3 of 16 references.
References · 3
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2023The Falcon Series of Open Language Modelscited by 535
- 2022Diversity-Promoting Ensemble for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
3 papers.
- 2025Reasoning and Sampling-Augmented MCQ Difficulty Prediction via LLMscited by 14
- 2025Text-Based Approaches to Item Difficulty Modeling in Large-Scale Assessments: A Systematic Reviewcited by 10
- 2026Representing Visual Evidence for Item Difficulty Prediction: Visual Textualization and Image-Native Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Representing Visual Evidence for Item Difficulty Prediction: Visual Textualization and Image-Native Modeling5 Aug 2026
- 2025Text-Based Approaches to Item Difficulty Modeling in Large-Scale Assessments: A Systematic Review27 Sep 2025
- 2025Reasoning and Sampling-Augmented MCQ Difficulty Prediction via LLMs11 Mar 2025