Embodied AI with Two Arms: Zero-shot Learning, Safety and Modularity
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present an embodied AI system which receives open-ended natural language instructions from a human, and controls two arms to collaboratively accomplish potentially long-horizon tasks over a large workspace. Our system is modular: it deploys state of the art Large Language Models for task planning,Vision-Language models for semantic perception, and Point Cloud transformers for grasping. With semantic and physical safety in mind, these modules are interfaced with a real-time trajectory optimizer and a compliant tracking controller to enable human-robot proximity. We demonstrate performance for the following tasks: bi-arm sorting, bottle opening, and trash disposal tasks. These are done zero-shot where the models used have not been trained with any real world data from this bi-arm robot, scenes or workspace. Composing both learning- and non-learning-based components in a modular fashion with interpretable inputs and outputs allows the user to easily debug points of failures and fragilities. One may also in-place swap modules to improve the robustness of the overall platform, for instance with imitation-learned policies. Please see https://sites.google.com/corp/view/safe-robots .
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2024.
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 10; 2025: 3; 2026: 6.
19 papers.
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- 2025Generating Robot Constitutions & Benchmarks for Semantic Safetycited by 28
- 2024A Survey of Robotic Language Grounding: Tradeoffs between Symbols and Embeddingscited by 23
- 2024VoxAct-B: Voxel-Based Acting and Stabilizing Policy for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 21
- 2024InterACT: Inter-dependency Aware Action Chunking with Hierarchical Attention Transformers for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 21
- 2024AnyBimanual: Transferring Unimanual Policy for General Bimanual Manipulationcited by 15
- 2024Robot Collapse: Supply Chain Backdoor Attacks Against VLM-based Robotic Manipulationcited by 13
- 2024CREST: Cross-modal Resonance through Evidential Deep Learning for Enhanced Zero-Shot Learningcited by 12
- 2024Modeling the Real World with High-Density Visual Particle Dynamicscited by 12
- 2024DemoStart: Demonstration-led auto-curriculum applied to sim-to-real with multi-fingered robotscited by 7
- 2024Adaptive Masking Enhances Visual Groundingcited by 6
- 2024BiKC: Keypose-Conditioned Consistency Policy for Bimanual Robotic Manipulationcited by 5
- 2026What Breaks Embodied AI Security:LLM Vulnerabilities, CPS Flaws,or Something Else?cited by 5
7 more
- 2026Using large language models for embodied planning introduces systematic safety riskscited by 4
- 2026Contextual Safety Reasoning and Grounding for Open-World Robotscited by 3
- 2025ProVox: Personalization and Proactive Planning for Situated Human-Robot Collaborationcited by 2
- 2025From Code to Action: Hierarchical Learning of Diffusion-VLM Policiescited by 1
- 2026WINFlowNets: Warm-up Integrated Networks Training of Generative Flow Networks for Robotics and Machine Fault Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026Security and Privacy in Large-Model-Driven Embodied Agents: Attacks, Defenses, and Future Directionscited by 0
- 2026Controlling Collectives of AI Agents in Reasoning Space with Spatial Transformerscited by 0
- 2026Controlling Collectives of AI Agents in Reasoning Space with Spatial Transformers23 Sep 2026
- 2026Security and Privacy in Large-Model-Driven Embodied Agents: Attacks, Defenses, and Future Directions19 Aug 2026
- 2026Using large language models for embodied planning introduces systematic safety risks20 Apr 2026
- 2026WINFlowNets: Warm-up Integrated Networks Training of Generative Flow Networks for Robotics and Machine Fault Adaptation18 Mar 2026
- 2026Contextual Safety Reasoning and Grounding for Open-World Robots23 Feb 2026
- 2026What Breaks Embodied AI Security:LLM Vulnerabilities, CPS Flaws,or Something Else?19 Feb 2026
- 2025From Code to Action: Hierarchical Learning of Diffusion-VLM Policies29 Sep 2025
- 2025ProVox: Personalization and Proactive Planning for Situated Human-Robot Collaboration13 Jun 2025
- 2025Generating Robot Constitutions & Benchmarks for Semantic Safety11 Mar 2025
- 2024AnyBimanual: Transferring Unimanual Policy for General Bimanual Manipulation9 Dec 2024
- 2024Robot Collapse: Supply Chain Backdoor Attacks Against VLM-based Robotic Manipulation18 Nov 2024
- 2024Adaptive Masking Enhances Visual Grounding4 Oct 2024
7 more
- 2024InterACT: Inter-dependency Aware Action Chunking with Hierarchical Attention Transformers for Bimanual Manipulation12 Sep 2024
- 2024DemoStart: Demonstration-led auto-curriculum applied to sim-to-real with multi-fingered robots10 Sep 2024
- 2024VoxAct-B: Voxel-Based Acting and Stabilizing Policy for Bimanual Manipulation4 Jul 2024
- 2024Modeling the Real World with High-Density Visual Particle Dynamics28 Jun 2024
- 2024BiKC: Keypose-Conditioned Consistency Policy for Bimanual Robotic Manipulation14 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey of Robotic Language Grounding: Tradeoffs between Symbols and Embeddings21 May 2024
- 2024CREST: Cross-modal Resonance through Evidential Deep Learning for Enhanced Zero-Shot Learning15 Apr 2024
- 2024Adaptive Masking Enhances Visual Groundingcited by 6
- 2024Adaptive Masking Enhances Visual Grounding4 Oct 2024
- 2025Generating Robot Constitutions & Benchmarks for Semantic Safetycited by 28
- 2024A Survey of Robotic Language Grounding: Tradeoffs between Symbols and Embeddingscited by 23
- 2024VoxAct-B: Voxel-Based Acting and Stabilizing Policy for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 21
- 2024InterACT: Inter-dependency Aware Action Chunking with Hierarchical Attention Transformers for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 21
- 2024AnyBimanual: Transferring Unimanual Policy for General Bimanual Manipulationcited by 15
- 2024CREST: Cross-modal Resonance through Evidential Deep Learning for Enhanced Zero-Shot Learningcited by 12
- 2024DemoStart: Demonstration-led auto-curriculum applied to sim-to-real with multi-fingered robotscited by 7
- 2026What Breaks Embodied AI Security:LLM Vulnerabilities, CPS Flaws,or Something Else?cited by 5
- 2026Using large language models for embodied planning introduces systematic safety riskscited by 4
- 2025ProVox: Personalization and Proactive Planning for Situated Human-Robot Collaborationcited by 2
- 2026WINFlowNets: Warm-up Integrated Networks Training of Generative Flow Networks for Robotics and Machine Fault Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026Using large language models for embodied planning introduces systematic safety risks20 Apr 2026
- 2026WINFlowNets: Warm-up Integrated Networks Training of Generative Flow Networks for Robotics and Machine Fault Adaptation18 Mar 2026
- 2026What Breaks Embodied AI Security:LLM Vulnerabilities, CPS Flaws,or Something Else?19 Feb 2026
- 2025ProVox: Personalization and Proactive Planning for Situated Human-Robot Collaboration13 Jun 2025
- 2025Generating Robot Constitutions & Benchmarks for Semantic Safety11 Mar 2025
- 2024AnyBimanual: Transferring Unimanual Policy for General Bimanual Manipulation9 Dec 2024
- 2024InterACT: Inter-dependency Aware Action Chunking with Hierarchical Attention Transformers for Bimanual Manipulation12 Sep 2024
- 2024DemoStart: Demonstration-led auto-curriculum applied to sim-to-real with multi-fingered robots10 Sep 2024
- 2024VoxAct-B: Voxel-Based Acting and Stabilizing Policy for Bimanual Manipulation4 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey of Robotic Language Grounding: Tradeoffs between Symbols and Embeddings21 May 2024
- 2024CREST: Cross-modal Resonance through Evidential Deep Learning for Enhanced Zero-Shot Learning15 Apr 2024
Similar, not cited
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- 2026Safety in Embodied AI: A Survey of Risks, Attacks, and Defenses
- 2025Embodied-R1: Reinforced Embodied Reasoning for General Robotic Manipulation
- 2026Guava: Distilling Frontier VLMs into a Compact Agent through a Robotic Manipulation Harness
- 2025Mind to Hand: Purposeful Robotic Control via Embodied Reasoning
- 2025RationalVLA: A Rational Vision-Language-Action Model with Dual System
- 2025Survey of Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied Manipulation
- 2026LAP: Language-Action Pre-Training Enables Zero-shot Cross-Embodiment Transfer
- 2026MA-VLA: Multi-Arm Vision-Language-Action Model for Collaboration and Compositional Generalization