The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Eccentric Automatic Prompts
On the map: LLM reasoning → Prompting and chain-of-thought reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable problem-solving and basic mathematics abilities. However, their efficacy is highly contingent on the formulation of the prompt. This study endeavors to quantify the influence of incorporating "positive thinking" into the system message of the prompt, then compare that to systematic prompt optimization. We assess the performance of 60 combinations of system message snippets, tested with and without Chain of Thought prompting, across three models with parameters ranging from 7 to 70 billion on the GSM8K dataset. Our findings reveal that results do not universally generalize across models. In most instances, the inclusion of "positive thinking" prompts positively affected model performance. Notably, however, Llama2-70B exhibited an exception when not utilizing Chain of Thought, as the optimal system message was found to be none at all. Given the combinatorial complexity, and thus computation time, of experimenting with hand-tuning prompts for large black-box models, we then compared the performance of the best "positive thinking" prompt against the output of systematic prompt optimization. We show that employing an automated prompt optimizer emerges as the most effective method for enhancing performance, even when working with smaller open-source models. Additionally, our findings reveal that the highest-scoring, automatically-optimized prompt exhibits a degree of peculiarity far beyond expectations.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Prompting and chain-of-thought reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 9 of its 9 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Feb 2024.
Builds on
9 of 9 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
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Other references · 8
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
- 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,065
- 2021What Makes Good In-Context Examples for GPT-3?cited by 1,184
- 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,154
- 2023Large Language Models as Optimizerscited by 830
- 2023DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into Self-Improving Pipelinescited by 803
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.
12 papers.
- 2025Large Language Models Miss the Multi-Agent Markcited by 25
- 2025Token embeddings violate the manifold hypothesiscited by 14
- 2024LASSI: An LLM-based Automated Self-Correcting Pipeline for Translating Parallel Scientific Codescited by 10
- 2025Why is prompting hard? Understanding prompts on binary sequence predictorscited by 4
- 2024Prompt Selection Matters: Enhancing Text Annotations for Social Sciences with Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Critical Confabulation: Can LLMs Hallucinate for Social Good?cited by 2
- 2025Sequential Enumeration in Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024SandboxAQ's submission to MRL 2024 Shared Task on Multi-lingual Multi-task Information Retrievalcited by 0
- 2025AI-Facilitated Analysis of Abstracts and Conclusions: Flagging Unsubstantiated Claims and Ambiguous Pronounscited by 0
- 2025Empirical Prompt Engineering for Construct Identification with Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026PerMix-RLVR: Preserving Persona Expressivity under Verifiable-Reward Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026More Is Not Always Better: Cross-Component Interference in LLM Agent Scaffoldingcited by 0
- 2026More Is Not Always Better: Cross-Component Interference in LLM Agent Scaffolding7 May 2026
- 2026PerMix-RLVR: Preserving Persona Expressivity under Verifiable-Reward Alignment10 Apr 2026
- 2025Sequential Enumeration in Large Language Models4 Dec 2025
- 2025Empirical Prompt Engineering for Construct Identification with Large Language Models3 Dec 2025
- 2025Critical Confabulation: Can LLMs Hallucinate for Social Good?11 Nov 2025
- 2025AI-Facilitated Analysis of Abstracts and Conclusions: Flagging Unsubstantiated Claims and Ambiguous Pronouns16 Jun 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Miss the Multi-Agent Mark27 May 2025
- 2025Token embeddings violate the manifold hypothesis1 Apr 2025
- 2025Why is prompting hard? Understanding prompts on binary sequence predictors15 Feb 2025
- 2024SandboxAQ's submission to MRL 2024 Shared Task on Multi-lingual Multi-task Information Retrieval28 Oct 2024
- 2024Prompt Selection Matters: Enhancing Text Annotations for Social Sciences with Large Language Models15 Jul 2024
- 2024LASSI: An LLM-based Automated Self-Correcting Pipeline for Translating Parallel Scientific Codes30 Jun 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Towards Generalist Prompting for Large Language Models by Mental Models
- 2024Boosting of Thoughts: Trial-and-Error Problem Solving with Large Language Models
- 2024GReaTer: Gradients over Reasoning Makes Smaller Language Models Strong Prompt Optimizers
- 2025Teaching LLMs to Think Mathematically: A Critical Study of Decision-Making via Optimization
- 2024Investigating Symbolic Capabilities of Large Language Models
- 2023Assessing the Impact of Prompting Methods on ChatGPT's Mathematical Capabilities
- 2024CogBench: a large language model walks into a psychology lab
- 2023Towards Revealing the Mystery behind Chain of Thought: A Theoretical Perspective