Sheet Music Transformer: End-To-End Optical Music Recognition Beyond Monophonic Transcription
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Abstract (arXiv)
State-of-the-art end-to-end Optical Music Recognition (OMR) has, to date, primarily been carried out using monophonic transcription techniques to handle complex score layouts, such as polyphony, often by resorting to simplifications or specific adaptations. Despite their efficacy, these approaches imply challenges related to scalability and limitations. This paper presents the Sheet Music Transformer, the first end-to-end OMR model designed to transcribe complex musical scores without relying solely on monophonic strategies. Our model employs a Transformer-based image-to-sequence framework that predicts score transcriptions in a standard digital music encoding format from input images. Our model has been tested on two polyphonic music datasets and has proven capable of handling these intricate music structures effectively. The experimental outcomes not only indicate the competence of the model, but also show that it is better than the state-of-the-art methods, thus contributing to advancements in end-to-end OMR transcription.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2024.
Builds on
14 of 38 references.
References · 14
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2022A ConvNet for the 2020scited by 3,545
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- 2021OCR-free Document Understanding Transformercited by 400
- 2017State-of-the-art Speech Recognition With Sequence-to-Sequence Modelscited by 196
- 2022DAN: a Segmentation-free Document Attention Network for Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 62
- 2019Understanding Optical Music Recognitioncited by 37
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- 2019A holistic approach to polyphonic music transcription with neural networkscited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 8; 2026: 8.
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- 2024General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Modelcited by 174
- 2025Sheet Music Benchmark: Standardized Optical Music Recognition Evaluationcited by 8
- 2025Unified Cross-modal Translation of Score Images, Symbolic Music, and Performance Audiocited by 6
- 2025Towards an AI Musician: Synthesizing Sheet Music Problems for Musical Reasoningcited by 6
- 2024Knowledge Discovery in Optical Music Recognition: Enhancing Information Retrieval with Instance Segmentationcited by 4
- 2025MusiXQA: Advancing Visual Music Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024Synthesising Handwritten Music with GANs: A Comprehensive Evaluation of CycleWGAN, ProGAN, and DCGANcited by 3
- 2025LEGATO: Large-scale End-to-end Generalizable Approach to Typeset OMRcited by 3
- 2025Teaching LLMs Music Theory with In-Context Learning and Chain-of-Thought Prompting: Pedagogical Strategies for Machinescited by 2
- 2025Optical Music Recognition of Jazz Lead Sheetscited by 2
- 2024Low-Data Classification of Historical Music Manuscripts: A Few-Shot Learning Approachcited by 1
- 2026Transcoda: End-to-End Zero-Shot Optical Music Recognition via Data-Centric Synthetic Trainingcited by 1
8 more
- 2026Direct content-based retrieval from music scores imagescited by 1
- 2026Optical Music Recognition for Real-World Manuscripts with Synthetic Datacited by 1
- 2025A document is worth a structured record: Principled inductive bias design for document recognitioncited by 0
- 2026A High-Accuracy Optical Music Recognition Method Based on Bottleneck Residual Convolutionscited by 0
- 2026Towards a foundational model for recognising diastematic Gregorian notationcited by 0
- 2026LEGATO 2: Toward Multimodal Sheet Music Recognition and Understandingcited by 0
- 2026A Dataset and Benchmark for Optical Music Recognition of String Quartet Scorescited by 0
- 2026Exploring In-Context Learning for Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Exploring In-Context Learning for Handwritten Text Recognition29 Sep 2026
- 2026A Dataset and Benchmark for Optical Music Recognition of String Quartet Scores11 Aug 2026
- 2026LEGATO 2: Toward Multimodal Sheet Music Recognition and Understanding7 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards a foundational model for recognising diastematic Gregorian notation30 Jun 2026
- 2026Optical Music Recognition for Real-World Manuscripts with Synthetic Data8 Jun 2026
- 2026Direct content-based retrieval from music scores images21 May 2026
- 2026Transcoda: End-to-End Zero-Shot Optical Music Recognition via Data-Centric Synthetic Training11 May 2026
- 2026A High-Accuracy Optical Music Recognition Method Based on Bottleneck Residual Convolutions7 Apr 2026
- 2025Towards an AI Musician: Synthesizing Sheet Music Problems for Musical Reasoning4 Sep 2025
- 2025Optical Music Recognition of Jazz Lead Sheets31 Aug 2025
- 2025A document is worth a structured record: Principled inductive bias design for document recognition11 Jul 2025
- 2025MusiXQA: Advancing Visual Music Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Models28 Jun 2025
8 more
- 2025LEGATO: Large-scale End-to-end Generalizable Approach to Typeset OMR23 Jun 2025
- 2025Sheet Music Benchmark: Standardized Optical Music Recognition Evaluation12 Jun 2025
- 2025Unified Cross-modal Translation of Score Images, Symbolic Music, and Performance Audio19 May 2025
- 2025Teaching LLMs Music Theory with In-Context Learning and Chain-of-Thought Prompting: Pedagogical Strategies for Machines28 Mar 2025
- 2024Low-Data Classification of Historical Music Manuscripts: A Few-Shot Learning Approach25 Nov 2024
- 2024Synthesising Handwritten Music with GANs: A Comprehensive Evaluation of CycleWGAN, ProGAN, and DCGAN25 Nov 2024
- 2024General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Model3 Sep 2024
- 2024Knowledge Discovery in Optical Music Recognition: Enhancing Information Retrieval with Instance Segmentation27 Aug 2024
- 2025Towards an AI Musician: Synthesizing Sheet Music Problems for Musical Reasoningcited by 6
- 2025MusiXQA: Advancing Visual Music Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025Teaching LLMs Music Theory with In-Context Learning and Chain-of-Thought Prompting: Pedagogical Strategies for Machinescited by 2
- 2025Towards an AI Musician: Synthesizing Sheet Music Problems for Musical Reasoning4 Sep 2025
- 2025MusiXQA: Advancing Visual Music Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Models28 Jun 2025
- 2025Teaching LLMs Music Theory with In-Context Learning and Chain-of-Thought Prompting: Pedagogical Strategies for Machines28 Mar 2025
- 2024General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Modelcited by 174
- 2025Sheet Music Benchmark: Standardized Optical Music Recognition Evaluationcited by 8
- 2025Unified Cross-modal Translation of Score Images, Symbolic Music, and Performance Audiocited by 6
- 2024Knowledge Discovery in Optical Music Recognition: Enhancing Information Retrieval with Instance Segmentationcited by 4
- 2024Synthesising Handwritten Music with GANs: A Comprehensive Evaluation of CycleWGAN, ProGAN, and DCGANcited by 3
- 2025LEGATO: Large-scale End-to-end Generalizable Approach to Typeset OMRcited by 3
- 2025Optical Music Recognition of Jazz Lead Sheetscited by 2
- 2024Low-Data Classification of Historical Music Manuscripts: A Few-Shot Learning Approachcited by 1
- 2026Transcoda: End-to-End Zero-Shot Optical Music Recognition via Data-Centric Synthetic Trainingcited by 1
- 2026Direct content-based retrieval from music scores imagescited by 1
- 2026Optical Music Recognition for Real-World Manuscripts with Synthetic Datacited by 1
- 2025A document is worth a structured record: Principled inductive bias design for document recognitioncited by 0
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026Exploring In-Context Learning for Handwritten Text Recognition29 Sep 2026
- 2026A Dataset and Benchmark for Optical Music Recognition of String Quartet Scores11 Aug 2026
- 2026LEGATO 2: Toward Multimodal Sheet Music Recognition and Understanding7 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards a foundational model for recognising diastematic Gregorian notation30 Jun 2026
- 2026Optical Music Recognition for Real-World Manuscripts with Synthetic Data8 Jun 2026
- 2026Direct content-based retrieval from music scores images21 May 2026
- 2026Transcoda: End-to-End Zero-Shot Optical Music Recognition via Data-Centric Synthetic Training11 May 2026
- 2026A High-Accuracy Optical Music Recognition Method Based on Bottleneck Residual Convolutions7 Apr 2026
- 2025Optical Music Recognition of Jazz Lead Sheets31 Aug 2025
- 2025A document is worth a structured record: Principled inductive bias design for document recognition11 Jul 2025
- 2025LEGATO: Large-scale End-to-end Generalizable Approach to Typeset OMR23 Jun 2025
- 2025Sheet Music Benchmark: Standardized Optical Music Recognition Evaluation12 Jun 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)