Towards Reliable and Factual Response Generation: Detecting Unanswerable Questions in Information-Seeking Conversations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Generative AI models face the challenge of hallucinations that can undermine users' trust in such systems. We approach the problem of conversational information seeking as a two-step process, where relevant passages in a corpus are identified first and then summarized into a final system response. This way we can automatically assess if the answer to the user's question is present in the corpus. Specifically, our proposed method employs a sentence-level classifier to detect if the answer is present, then aggregates these predictions on the passage level, and eventually across the top-ranked passages to arrive at a final answerability estimate. For training and evaluation, we develop a dataset based on the TREC CAsT benchmark that includes answerability labels on the sentence, passage, and ranking levels. We demonstrate that our proposed method represents a strong baseline and outperforms a state-of-the-art LLM on the answerability prediction task.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Jan 2024.
Builds on
16 of 24 references.
References · 16
- 2018Know What You Don't Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuADcited by 1,538
- 2019PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 1,100
- 2018CoQA: A Conversational Question Answering Challengecited by 674
- 2018QuAC : Question Answering in Contextcited by 379
- 2020Sparse, Dense, and Attentional Representations for Text Retrievalcited by 213
- 2022Understanding Factual Errors in Summarization: Errors, Summarizers, Datasets, Error Detectorscited by 103
- 2020Question Rewriting for Conversational Question Answeringcited by 93
- 2021The Expando-Mono-Duo Design Pattern for Text Ranking with Pretrained Sequence-to-Sequence Modelscited by 81
- 2020TREC CAsT 2019: The Conversational Assistance Track Overviewcited by 64
- 2020Challenges in Information-Seeking QA: Unanswerable Questions and Paragraph Retrievalcited by 44
- 2018Read + Verify: Machine Reading Comprehension with Unanswerable Questionscited by 31
- 2020Conversations with Search Engines: SERP-based Conversational Response Generationcited by 11
4 more
- 2016AttSum: Joint Learning of Focusing and Summarization with Neural Attentioncited by 7
- 2019Learning When Not to Answer: A Ternary Reward Structure for Reinforcement Learning based Question Answeringcited by 7
- 2023Towards Filling the Gap in Conversational Search: From Passage Retrieval to Conversational Response Generationcited by 3
- 2019Relation Module for Non-answerable Prediction on Question Answeringcited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2.
3 papers.
- 2024ELOQ: Resources for Enhancing LLM Detection of Out-of-Scope Questionscited by 2
- 2025Mapping Trustworthiness in Large Language Models: A Bibliometric Analysis Bridging Theory to Practicecited by 1
- 2025Contextual Candor: Enhancing LLM Trustworthiness Through Hierarchical Unanswerability Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Contextual Candor: Enhancing LLM Trustworthiness Through Hierarchical Unanswerability Detection1 Jun 2025
- 2025Mapping Trustworthiness in Large Language Models: A Bibliometric Analysis Bridging Theory to Practice27 Feb 2025
- 2024ELOQ: Resources for Enhancing LLM Detection of Out-of-Scope Questions18 Oct 2024