Investigating salient representations and label Variance in Dimensional Speech Emotion Analysis
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Abstract (arXiv)
Representations derived from models such as BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and HuBERT (Hidden units BERT), have helped to achieve state-of-the-art performance in dimensional speech emotion recognition. Despite their large dimensionality, and even though these representations are not tailored for emotion recognition tasks, they are frequently used to train large speech emotion models with high memory and computational costs. In this work, we show that there exist lower-dimensional subspaces within the these pre-trained representational spaces that offer a reduction in downstream model complexity without sacrificing performance on emotion estimation. In addition, we model label uncertainty in the form of grader opinion variance, and demonstrate that such information can improve the models generalization capacity and robustness. Finally, we compare the robustness of the emotion models against acoustic degradations and observed that the reduced dimensional representations were able to retain the performance similar to the full-dimensional representations without significant regression in dimensional emotion performance.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Dec 2023.
Builds on
10 of 22 references.
References · 10
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2021HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Unitscited by 2,342
- 2020Jointly Fine-Tuning "BERT-like" Self Supervised Models to Improve Multimodal Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 38
- 2020Detecting Emotion Primitives from Speech and their use in discerning Categorical Emotionscited by 8
- 2022Sentiment-Aware Automatic Speech Recognition pre-training for enhanced Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 8
- 2019Leveraging Acoustic Cues and Paralinguistic Embeddings to Detect Expression from Voicecited by 7
- 2022Speech Emotion: Investigating Model Representations, Multi-Task Learning and Knowledge Distillationcited by 5
- 2023Pre-trained Model Representations and their Robustness against Noise for Speech Emotion Analysiscited by 5
- 2022Label Uncertainty Modeling and Prediction for Speech Emotion Recognition using t-Distributionscited by 4
- 2020Investigation and Analysis of Hyper and Hypo neuron pruning to selectively update neurons during Unsupervised Adaptationcited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 5.
7 papers.
- 2024Pre-Trained Foundation Model representations to uncover Breathing patterns in Speechcited by 4
- 2024Model-driven Heart Rate Estimation and Heart Murmur Detection based on Phonocardiogramcited by 2
- 2025Modeling speech emotion with label variance and analyzing performance across speakers and unseen acoustic conditionscited by 2
- 2025Foundation Model Hidden Representations for Heart Rate Estimation from Auscultationcited by 1
- 2025Voice Quality Dimensions as Interpretable Primitives for Speaking Style for Atypical Speech and Affectcited by 1
- 2025Affect Models Have Weak Generalizability to Atypical Speechcited by 0
- 2025Breathing and Semantic Pause Detection and Exertion-Level Classification in Post-Exercise Speechcited by 0
- 2025Breathing and Semantic Pause Detection and Exertion-Level Classification in Post-Exercise Speech18 Sep 2025
- 2025Voice Quality Dimensions as Interpretable Primitives for Speaking Style for Atypical Speech and Affect27 May 2025
- 2025Foundation Model Hidden Representations for Heart Rate Estimation from Auscultation27 May 2025
- 2025Affect Models Have Weak Generalizability to Atypical Speech22 Apr 2025
- 2025Modeling speech emotion with label variance and analyzing performance across speakers and unseen acoustic conditions24 Mar 2025
- 2024Model-driven Heart Rate Estimation and Heart Murmur Detection based on Phonocardiogram25 Jul 2024
- 2024Pre-Trained Foundation Model representations to uncover Breathing patterns in Speech17 Jul 2024