Toxicity Detection is NOT all you Need: Measuring the Gaps to Supporting Volunteer Content Moderators
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Abstract (arXiv)
Extensive efforts in automated approaches for content moderation have been focused on developing models to identify toxic, offensive, and hateful content with the aim of lightening the load for moderators. Yet, it remains uncertain whether improvements on those tasks have truly addressed moderators' needs in accomplishing their work. In this paper, we surface gaps between past research efforts that have aimed to provide automation for aspects of content moderation and the needs of volunteer content moderators, regarding identifying violations of various moderation rules. To do so, we conduct a model review on Hugging Face to reveal the availability of models to cover various moderation rules and guidelines from three exemplar forums. We further put state-of-the-art LLMs to the test, evaluating how well these models perform in flagging violations of platform rules from one particular forum. Finally, we conduct a user survey study with volunteer moderators to gain insight into their perspectives on useful moderation models. Overall, we observe a non-trivial gap, as missing developed models and LLMs exhibit moderate to low performance on a significant portion of the rules. Moderators' reports provide guides for future work on developing moderation assistant models.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2023.
Builds on
11 of 30 references.
References · 11
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2022A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real Worldcited by 356
- 2019Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Posts in Social Mediacited by 271
- 2022A New Generation of Perspective API: Efficient Multilingual Character-level Transformerscited by 185
- 2020Toxicity Detection: Does Context Really Matter?cited by 93
- 2017One-step and Two-step Classification for Abusive Language Detection on Twittercited by 46
- 2021Identifying Machine-Paraphrased Plagiarismcited by 16
- 2023Hate Raids on Twitch: Echoes of the Past, New Modalities, and Implications for Platform Governancecited by 7
- 2022Measuring the Monetary Value of Online Volunteer Workcited by 5
- 2021Moderation Challenges in Voice-based Online Communities on Discordcited by 4
- 2016Surviving an "Eternal September" - How an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomerscited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
10 papers.
- 2024Content Moderation by LLM: From Accuracy to Legitimacycited by 30
- 2024Plurals: A System for Guiding LLMs Via Simulated Social Ensemblescited by 17
- 2025Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLMcited by 9
- 2024Seeing Like an AI: How LLMs Apply (and Misapply) Wikipedia Neutrality Normscited by 8
- 2025Unified Game Moderation: Soft-Prompting and LLM-Assisted Label Transfer for Resource-Efficient Toxicity Detectioncited by 5
- 2025Chinese Toxic Language Mitigation via Sentiment Polarity Consistent Rewritescited by 2
- 2025Predictively Combatting Toxicity in Health-related Online Discussions through Machine Learningcited by 0
- 2025SMARTER: A Data-efficient Framework to Improve Toxicity Detection with Explanation via Self-augmenting Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025On the Sensitivity of Instruction-tuned LLMs to Harmful Sentences in Long Inputscited by 0
- 2026VARM-Bench: Benchmarking Verifiable Structured Reasoning in Chinese Abusive Speech Moderationcited by 0
- 2026VARM-Bench: Benchmarking Verifiable Structured Reasoning in Chinese Abusive Speech Moderation16 Aug 2026
- 2025On the Sensitivity of Instruction-tuned LLMs to Harmful Sentences in Long Inputs7 Oct 2025
- 2025SMARTER: A Data-efficient Framework to Improve Toxicity Detection with Explanation via Self-augmenting Large Language Models18 Sep 2025
- 2025Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLM7 Aug 2025
- 2025Unified Game Moderation: Soft-Prompting and LLM-Assisted Label Transfer for Resource-Efficient Toxicity Detection1 Jun 2025
- 2025Chinese Toxic Language Mitigation via Sentiment Polarity Consistent Rewrites21 May 2025
- 2025Predictively Combatting Toxicity in Health-related Online Discussions through Machine Learning19 May 2025
- 2024Plurals: A System for Guiding LLMs Via Simulated Social Ensembles25 Sep 2024
- 2024Content Moderation by LLM: From Accuracy to Legitimacy5 Sep 2024
- 2024Seeing Like an AI: How LLMs Apply (and Misapply) Wikipedia Neutrality Norms4 Jul 2024