Symbolic Music Representations for Classification Tasks: A Systematic Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Music Information Retrieval (MIR) has seen a recent surge in deep learning-based approaches, which often involve encoding symbolic music (i.e., music represented in terms of discrete note events) in an image-like or language like fashion. However, symbolic music is neither an image nor a sentence, and research in the symbolic domain lacks a comprehensive overview of the different available representations. In this paper, we investigate matrix (piano roll), sequence, and graph representations and their corresponding neural architectures, in combination with symbolic scores and performances on three piece-level classification tasks. We also introduce a novel graph representation for symbolic performances and explore the capability of graph representations in global classification tasks. Our systematic evaluation shows advantages and limitations of each input representation. Our results suggest that the graph representation, as the newest and least explored among the three approaches, exhibits promising performance, while being more light-weight in training.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Sep 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 9; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Surveycited by 34
- 2024DExter: Learning and Controlling Performance Expression with Diffusion Modelscited by 11
- 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Surveycited by 10
- 2024Bridging Paintings and Music -- Exploring Emotion based Music Generation through Paintingscited by 6
- 2024GraphMuse: A Library for Symbolic Music Graph Processingcited by 5
- 2024Perception-Inspired Graph Convolution for Music Understanding Taskscited by 1
- 2024Towards Explainable and Interpretable Musical Difficulty Estimation: A Parameter-efficient Approachcited by 1
- 2025From Generality to Mastery: Composer-Style Symbolic Music Generation via Large-Scale Pre-trainingcited by 1
- 2026BeatEdit: Symbolic Music Generation as Explicit Editingcited by 1
- 2024PBSCR: The Piano Bootleg Score Composer Recognition Datasetcited by 0
- 2024Analyzing Byte-Pair Encoding on Monophonic and Polyphonic Symbolic Music: A Focus on Musical Phrase Segmentationcited by 0
- 2025Style-based Composer Identification and Attribution of Symbolic Music Scores: a Systematic Surveycited by 0
- 2026BeatEdit: Symbolic Music Generation as Explicit Editing13 Jul 2026
- 2025Go witheFlow: Real-time Emotion Driven Audio Effects Modulation2 Oct 2025
- 2025MUSE-Explainer: Counterfactual Explanations for Symbolic Music Graph Classification Models30 Sep 2025
- 2025From Generality to Mastery: Composer-Style Symbolic Music Generation via Large-Scale Pre-training20 Jun 2025
- 2025Style-based Composer Identification and Attribution of Symbolic Music Scores: a Systematic Survey14 Jun 2025
- 2024Analyzing Byte-Pair Encoding on Monophonic and Polyphonic Symbolic Music: A Focus on Musical Phrase Segmentation2 Oct 2024
- 2024Bridging Paintings and Music -- Exploring Emotion based Music Generation through Paintings12 Sep 2024
- 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Survey26 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Explainable and Interpretable Musical Difficulty Estimation: A Parameter-efficient Approach1 Aug 2024
- 2024GraphMuse: A Library for Symbolic Music Graph Processing17 Jul 2024
- 2024DExter: Learning and Controlling Performance Expression with Diffusion Models21 Jun 2024
- 2024Perception-Inspired Graph Convolution for Music Understanding Tasks15 May 2024
- 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Surveycited by 34
- 2024DExter: Learning and Controlling Performance Expression with Diffusion Modelscited by 11
- 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Survey26 Aug 2024
- 2024DExter: Learning and Controlling Performance Expression with Diffusion Models21 Jun 2024
- 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Surveycited by 10
- 2024Bridging Paintings and Music -- Exploring Emotion based Music Generation through Paintingscited by 6
- 2024GraphMuse: A Library for Symbolic Music Graph Processingcited by 5
- 2024Perception-Inspired Graph Convolution for Music Understanding Taskscited by 1
- 2024Towards Explainable and Interpretable Musical Difficulty Estimation: A Parameter-efficient Approachcited by 1
- 2025From Generality to Mastery: Composer-Style Symbolic Music Generation via Large-Scale Pre-trainingcited by 1
- 2026BeatEdit: Symbolic Music Generation as Explicit Editingcited by 1
- 2024PBSCR: The Piano Bootleg Score Composer Recognition Datasetcited by 0
- 2024Analyzing Byte-Pair Encoding on Monophonic and Polyphonic Symbolic Music: A Focus on Musical Phrase Segmentationcited by 0
- 2025Style-based Composer Identification and Attribution of Symbolic Music Scores: a Systematic Surveycited by 0
- 2025MUSE-Explainer: Counterfactual Explanations for Symbolic Music Graph Classification Modelscited by 0
- 2025Go witheFlow: Real-time Emotion Driven Audio Effects Modulationcited by 0
- 2026BeatEdit: Symbolic Music Generation as Explicit Editing13 Jul 2026
- 2025Go witheFlow: Real-time Emotion Driven Audio Effects Modulation2 Oct 2025
- 2025MUSE-Explainer: Counterfactual Explanations for Symbolic Music Graph Classification Models30 Sep 2025
- 2025From Generality to Mastery: Composer-Style Symbolic Music Generation via Large-Scale Pre-training20 Jun 2025
- 2025Style-based Composer Identification and Attribution of Symbolic Music Scores: a Systematic Survey14 Jun 2025
- 2024Analyzing Byte-Pair Encoding on Monophonic and Polyphonic Symbolic Music: A Focus on Musical Phrase Segmentation2 Oct 2024
- 2024Bridging Paintings and Music -- Exploring Emotion based Music Generation through Paintings12 Sep 2024
- 2024Towards Explainable and Interpretable Musical Difficulty Estimation: A Parameter-efficient Approach1 Aug 2024
- 2024GraphMuse: A Library for Symbolic Music Graph Processing17 Jul 2024
- 2024Perception-Inspired Graph Convolution for Music Understanding Tasks15 May 2024
- 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Survey27 Feb 2024
- 2024PBSCR: The Piano Bootleg Score Composer Recognition Dataset30 Jan 2024