Socratis: Are large multimodal models emotionally aware?
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Multimodal emotion understanding
Abstract (arXiv)
Existing emotion prediction benchmarks contain coarse emotion labels which do not consider the diversity of emotions that an image and text can elicit in humans due to various reasons. Learning diverse reactions to multimodal content is important as intelligent machines take a central role in generating and delivering content to society. To address this gap, we propose Socratis, a societal reactions benchmark, where each image-caption (IC) pair is annotated with multiple emotions and the reasons for feeling them. Socratis contains 18K free-form reactions for 980 emotions on 2075 image-caption pairs from 5 widely-read news and image-caption (IC) datasets. We benchmark the capability of state-of-the-art multimodal large language models to generate the reasons for feeling an emotion given an IC pair. Based on a preliminary human study, we observe that humans prefer human-written reasons over 2 times more often than machine-generated ones. This shows our task is harder than standard generation tasks because it starkly contrasts recent findings where humans cannot tell apart machine vs human-written news articles, for instance. We further see that current captioning metrics based on large vision-language models also fail to correlate with human preferences. We hope that these findings and our benchmark will inspire further research on training emotionally aware models.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal emotion understanding, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 19 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Aug 2023.
Builds on
19 of 26 references.
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7 more
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 0; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2025Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Emotion Recognitioncited by 19
- 2025Chart-to-Experience: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs for Predicting Experiential Impact of Chartscited by 3
- 2023Interpretation modeling: Social grounding of sentences by reasoning over their implicit moral judgmentscited by 2
- 2025Social Human Robot Embodied Conversation (SHREC) Dataset: Benchmarking Foundational Models' Social Reasoningcited by 1
- 2026MultiEmo-Bench: Multi-label Visual Emotion Analysis for Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026MultiEmo-Bench: Multi-label Visual Emotion Analysis for Multi-modal Large Language Models14 May 2026
- 2025Chart-to-Experience: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs for Predicting Experiential Impact of Charts23 May 2025
- 2025Social Human Robot Embodied Conversation (SHREC) Dataset: Benchmarking Foundational Models' Social Reasoning7 Apr 2025
- 2025Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Emotion Recognition8 Feb 2025
- 2023Interpretation modeling: Social grounding of sentences by reasoning over their implicit moral judgments27 Nov 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025AffectGPT: A New Dataset, Model, and Benchmark for Emotion Understanding with Multimodal Large Language Models
- 2025Seeing is Not Understanding: A Benchmark on Perception-Cognition Disparities in Large Language Models
- 2025Artificial Intelligence Can Emulate Human Normative Judgments on Emotional Visual Scenes ↗
- 2025EEmo-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-modal Large Language Models on Image Evoked Emotion Assessment
- 2025Customizing Visual Emotion Evaluation for MLLMs: An Open-vocabulary, Multifaceted, and Scalable Approach
- 2025Correspondence of high-dimensional emotion structures elicited by video clips between humans and Multimodal LLMs
- 2026EmoTrans: A Benchmark for Understanding, Reasoning, and Predicting Emotion Transitions in Multimodal LLMs
- 2024EmoLLM: Multimodal Emotional Understanding Meets Large Language Models