Composable Function-preserving Expansions for Transformer Architectures
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Training state-of-the-art neural networks requires a high cost in terms of compute and time. Model scale is recognized to be a critical factor to achieve and improve the state-of-the-art. Increasing the scale of a neural network normally requires restarting from scratch by randomly initializing all the parameters of the model, as this implies a change of architecture's parameters that does not allow for a straightforward transfer of knowledge from smaller size models. In this work, we propose six composable transformations to incrementally increase the size of transformer-based neural networks while preserving functionality, allowing to expand the capacity of the model as needed. We provide proof of exact function preservation under minimal initialization constraints for each transformation. The proposed methods may enable efficient training pipelines for larger and more powerful models by progressively expanding the architecture throughout training.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Aug 2023.
Builds on
17 of 18 references.
References · 17
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
- 2016Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)cited by 3,431
- 2022Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Modelscited by 2,927
- 2019Root Mean Square Layer Normalizationcited by 1,425
- 2021Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gophercited by 1,199
- 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,154
- 2023Scaling Vision Transformers to 22 Billion Parameterscited by 690
- 2015Net2Net: Accelerating Learning via Knowledge Transfercited by 245
- 2023Learning to Grow Pretrained Models for Efficient Transformer Trainingcited by 81
5 more
- 2021bert2BERT: Towards Reusable Pretrained Language Modelscited by 70
- 2022GradMax: Growing Neural Networks using Gradient Informationcited by 64
- 2022Staged Training for Transformer Language Modelscited by 49
- 2023Masked Structural Growth for 2x Faster Language Model Pre-trainingcited by 32
- 2023Deep Fusion: Efficient Network Training via Pre-trained Initializationscited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
11 papers.
- 2023SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective Depth Up-Scalingcited by 172
- 2024Upcycling Large Language Models into Mixture of Expertscited by 48
- 2023Seeking Neural Nuggets: Knowledge Transfer in Large Language Models from a Parametric Perspectivecited by 17
- 2024Efficient Stagewise Pretraining via Progressive Subnetworkscited by 10
- 2025Do Depth-Grown Models Overcome the Curse of Depth? An In-Depth Analysiscited by 5
- 2023Navigating Scaling Laws: Compute Optimality in Adaptive Model Trainingcited by 4
- 2024MCSD: An Efficient Language Model with Diverse Fusioncited by 2
- 2026Grow, Don't Overwrite: Fine-tuning Without Forgettingcited by 1
- 2024Manifold Metric: A Loss Landscape Approach for Predicting Model Performancecited by 0
- 2025Dynamic Mixture of Experts Against Severe Distribution Shiftscited by 0
- 2026Nexusformer: Nonlinear Attention Expansion for Stable and Inheritable Transformer Scalingcited by 0
- 2026Nexusformer: Nonlinear Attention Expansion for Stable and Inheritable Transformer Scaling21 Apr 2026
- 2026Grow, Don't Overwrite: Fine-tuning Without Forgetting9 Mar 2026
- 2025Do Depth-Grown Models Overcome the Curse of Depth? An In-Depth Analysis9 Dec 2025
- 2025Dynamic Mixture of Experts Against Severe Distribution Shifts24 Nov 2025
- 2024Upcycling Large Language Models into Mixture of Experts10 Oct 2024
- 2024MCSD: An Efficient Language Model with Diverse Fusion18 Jun 2024
- 2024Manifold Metric: A Loss Landscape Approach for Predicting Model Performance24 May 2024
- 2024Efficient Stagewise Pretraining via Progressive Subnetworks8 Feb 2024
- 2023SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective Depth Up-Scaling23 Dec 2023
- 2023Navigating Scaling Laws: Compute Optimality in Adaptive Model Training6 Nov 2023
- 2023Seeking Neural Nuggets: Knowledge Transfer in Large Language Models from a Parametric Perspective17 Oct 2023