Does fine-tuning GPT-3 with the OpenAI API leak personally-identifiable information?
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning practitioners often fine-tune generative pre-trained models like GPT-3 to improve model performance at specific tasks. Previous works, however, suggest that fine-tuned machine learning models memorize and emit sensitive information from the original fine-tuning dataset. Companies such as OpenAI offer fine-tuning services for their models, but no prior work has conducted a memorization attack on any closed-source models. In this work, we simulate a privacy attack on GPT-3 using OpenAI's fine-tuning API. Our objective is to determine if personally identifiable information (PII) can be extracted from this model. We (1) explore the use of naive prompting methods on a GPT-3 fine-tuned classification model, and (2) we design a practical word generation task called Autocomplete to investigate the extent of PII memorization in fine-tuned GPT-3 within a real-world context. Our findings reveal that fine-tuning GPT3 for both tasks led to the model memorizing and disclosing critical personally identifiable information (PII) obtained from the underlying fine-tuning dataset. To encourage further research, we have made our codes and datasets publicly available on GitHub at: https://github.com/albertsun1/gpt3-pii-attacks
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Jul 2023.
Builds on
12 of 24 references.
References · 12
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 3.
10 papers.
- 2023Reducing Privacy Risks in Online Self-Disclosures with Language Modelscited by 47
- 2024Unleashing the Power of Data Tsunami: A Comprehensive Survey on Data Assessment and Selection for Instruction Tuning of Language Modelscited by 29
- 2023How to Protect Copyright Data in Optimization of Large Language Models?cited by 26
- 2024The effect of fine-tuning on language model toxicitycited by 16
- 2024FineTuneBench: How well do commercial fine-tuning APIs infuse knowledge into LLMs?cited by 12
- 2024Towards Automating Text Annotation: A Case Study on Semantic Proximity Annotation using GPT-4cited by 6
- 2025Automated Privacy Information Annotation in Large Language Model Interactionscited by 6
- 2025How Much Do Code Language Models Remember? An Investigation on Data Extraction Attacks before and after Fine-tuningcited by 3
- 2023Can ChatGPT be Your Personal Medical Assistant?cited by 2
- 2025On the Performance of Differentially Private Optimization with Heavy-Tail Class Imbalancecited by 0
- 2025On the Performance of Differentially Private Optimization with Heavy-Tail Class Imbalance14 Jul 2025
- 2025Automated Privacy Information Annotation in Large Language Model Interactions27 May 2025
- 2025How Much Do Code Language Models Remember? An Investigation on Data Extraction Attacks before and after Fine-tuning29 Jan 2025
- 2024FineTuneBench: How well do commercial fine-tuning APIs infuse knowledge into LLMs?7 Nov 2024
- 2024The effect of fine-tuning on language model toxicity21 Oct 2024
- 2024Unleashing the Power of Data Tsunami: A Comprehensive Survey on Data Assessment and Selection for Instruction Tuning of Language Models4 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Automating Text Annotation: A Case Study on Semantic Proximity Annotation using GPT-44 Jul 2024
- 2023Can ChatGPT be Your Personal Medical Assistant?19 Dec 2023
- 2023Reducing Privacy Risks in Online Self-Disclosures with Language Models16 Nov 2023
- 2023How to Protect Copyright Data in Optimization of Large Language Models?23 Aug 2023