mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Does fine-tuning GPT-3 with the OpenAI API leak personally-identifiable information?

arXiv 2307.16382 ↗First posted 31 Jul 2023cs.LG cs.CLcited by 10

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Abstract (arXiv)

Machine learning practitioners often fine-tune generative pre-trained models like GPT-3 to improve model performance at specific tasks. Previous works, however, suggest that fine-tuned machine learning models memorize and emit sensitive information from the original fine-tuning dataset. Companies such as OpenAI offer fine-tuning services for their models, but no prior work has conducted a memorization attack on any closed-source models. In this work, we simulate a privacy attack on GPT-3 using OpenAI's fine-tuning API. Our objective is to determine if personally identifiable information (PII) can be extracted from this model. We (1) explore the use of naive prompting methods on a GPT-3 fine-tuned classification model, and (2) we design a practical word generation task called Autocomplete to investigate the extent of PII memorization in fine-tuned GPT-3 within a real-world context. Our findings reveal that fine-tuning GPT3 for both tasks led to the model memorizing and disclosing critical personally identifiable information (PII) obtained from the underlying fine-tuning dataset. To encourage further research, we have made our codes and datasets publicly available on GitHub at: https://github.com/albertsun1/gpt3-pii-attacks

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Jul 2023.

Builds on

12 of 24 references.

References · 12

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  3. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  4. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  5. 2016Membership Inference Attacks against Machine Learning Modelscited by 2,281
  6. 2020Extracting Training Data from Large Language Modelscited by 2,189
  7. 2023Analyzing Leakage of Personally Identifiable Information in Language Modelscited by 285
  8. 2022The Text Anonymization Benchmark (TAB): A Dedicated Corpus and Evaluation Framework for Text Anonymizationcited by 95
  9. 2019This Email Could Save Your Life: Introducing the Task of Email Subject Line Generationcited by 58
  10. 2022Memorization in NLP Fine-tuning Methodscited by 45
  11. 2023CONSCENDI: A Contrastive and Scenario-Guided Distillation Approach to Guardrail Models for Virtual Assistantscited by 5
  12. 2022Extracted BERT Model Leaks More Information than You Think!cited by 3

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 3.

10 papers.