Multimodal Brain-Computer Interface for In-Vehicle Driver Cognitive Load Measurement: Dataset and Baselines
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Abstract (arXiv)
Through this paper, we introduce a novel driver cognitive load assessment dataset, CL-Drive, which contains Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals along with other physiological signals such as Electrocardiography (ECG) and Electrodermal Activity (EDA) as well as eye tracking data. The data was collected from 21 subjects while driving in an immersive vehicle simulator, in various driving conditions, to induce different levels of cognitive load in the subjects. The tasks consisted of 9 complexity levels for 3 minutes each. Each driver reported their subjective cognitive load every 10 seconds throughout the experiment. The dataset contains the subjective cognitive load recorded as ground truth. In this paper, we also provide benchmark classification results for different machine learning and deep learning models for both binary and ternary label distributions. We followed 2 evaluation criteria namely 10-fold and leave-one-subject-out (LOSO). We have trained our models on both hand-crafted features as well as on raw data.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 100 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2023.
Builds on
8 of 100 references.
References · 8
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2020Self-supervised ECG Representation Learning for Emotion Recognitioncited by 99
- 2022PARSE: Pairwise Alignment of Representations in Semi-Supervised EEG Learning for Emotion Recognitioncited by 12
- 2020Unsupervised Multi-Modal Representation Learning for Affective Computing with Multi-Corpus Wearable Datacited by 10
- 2019Capsule Attention for Multimodal EEG-EOG Representation Learning with Application to Driver Vigilance Estimationcited by 9
- 2021Deep Recurrent Semi-Supervised EEG Representation Learning for Emotion Recognitioncited by 6
- 2019Classification of Cognitive Load and Expertise for Adaptive Simulation using Deep Multitask Learningcited by 5
- 2021Predicting Driver Takeover Time in Conditionally Automated Drivingcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
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- 2024CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in REaltime with Multimodal Datacited by 8
- 2023EEG-based Cognitive Load Classification using Feature Masked Autoencoding and Emotion Transfer Learningcited by 6
- 2025EEGDM: Learning EEG Representation with Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 1
- 2026GazeMind: A Gaze-Guided LLM Agent for Personalized Cognitive Load Assessmentcited by 1
- 2026MambaGaze: Bidirectional Mamba with Explicit Missing Data Modeling for Cognitive Load Assessment from Eye-Gaze Tracking Datacited by 1
- 2025Neuro-Informed Joint Learning Enhances Cognitive Workload Decoding in Portable BCIscited by 0
- 2025A Simulator Dataset to Support the Study of Impaired Drivingcited by 0
- 2025Multi-Domain EEG Representation Learning with Orthogonal Mapping and Attention-based Fusion for Cognitive Load Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Graph-Based Learning of Spectro-Topographical EEG Representations with Gradient Alignment for Brain-Computer Interfacescited by 0
- 2025Understanding Mental States in Active and Autonomous Driving with EEGcited by 0
- 2026DECODE: Dual-Enhanced Conditioned Diffusion for EEG Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Physiologically Grounded Driver Behavior Classification: SHAP-Driven Elite Feature Selection and Hybrid Gradient Boosting for Multimodal Physiological Signalscited by 0
- 2026MambaGaze: Bidirectional Mamba with Explicit Missing Data Modeling for Cognitive Load Assessment from Eye-Gaze Tracking Data21 May 2026
- 2026CogAdapt: Adapting Clinical ECG Foundation Models for Wearable Cognitive Load Assessment21 May 2026
- 2026GazeMind: A Gaze-Guided LLM Agent for Personalized Cognitive Load Assessment7 May 2026
- 2026Physiologically Grounded Driver Behavior Classification: SHAP-Driven Elite Feature Selection and Hybrid Gradient Boosting for Multimodal Physiological Signals6 May 2026
- 2026DECODE: Dual-Enhanced Conditioned Diffusion for EEG Forecasting25 Feb 2026
- 2025Understanding Mental States in Active and Autonomous Driving with EEG9 Dec 2025
- 2025Graph-Based Learning of Spectro-Topographical EEG Representations with Gradient Alignment for Brain-Computer Interfaces8 Dec 2025
- 2025Multi-Domain EEG Representation Learning with Orthogonal Mapping and Attention-based Fusion for Cognitive Load Classification16 Nov 2025
- 2025EEGDM: Learning EEG Representation with Latent Diffusion Model28 Aug 2025
- 2025Neuro-Informed Joint Learning Enhances Cognitive Workload Decoding in Portable BCIs30 Jun 2025
- 2025A Simulator Dataset to Support the Study of Impaired Driving15 Apr 2025
- 2024CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in REaltime with Multimodal Data26 Apr 2024
- 2024CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in REaltime with Multimodal Datacited by 8
- 2023EEG-based Cognitive Load Classification using Feature Masked Autoencoding and Emotion Transfer Learningcited by 6
- 2025Neuro-Informed Joint Learning Enhances Cognitive Workload Decoding in Portable BCIscited by 0
- 2025A Simulator Dataset to Support the Study of Impaired Drivingcited by 0
- 2025Multi-Domain EEG Representation Learning with Orthogonal Mapping and Attention-based Fusion for Cognitive Load Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Graph-Based Learning of Spectro-Topographical EEG Representations with Gradient Alignment for Brain-Computer Interfacescited by 0
- 2025Understanding Mental States in Active and Autonomous Driving with EEGcited by 0
- 2026DECODE: Dual-Enhanced Conditioned Diffusion for EEG Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Physiologically Grounded Driver Behavior Classification: SHAP-Driven Elite Feature Selection and Hybrid Gradient Boosting for Multimodal Physiological Signalscited by 0
- 2026CogAdapt: Adapting Clinical ECG Foundation Models for Wearable Cognitive Load Assessmentcited by 0
- 2026CogAdapt: Adapting Clinical ECG Foundation Models for Wearable Cognitive Load Assessment21 May 2026
- 2026Physiologically Grounded Driver Behavior Classification: SHAP-Driven Elite Feature Selection and Hybrid Gradient Boosting for Multimodal Physiological Signals6 May 2026
- 2026DECODE: Dual-Enhanced Conditioned Diffusion for EEG Forecasting25 Feb 2026
- 2025Understanding Mental States in Active and Autonomous Driving with EEG9 Dec 2025
- 2025Graph-Based Learning of Spectro-Topographical EEG Representations with Gradient Alignment for Brain-Computer Interfaces8 Dec 2025
- 2025Multi-Domain EEG Representation Learning with Orthogonal Mapping and Attention-based Fusion for Cognitive Load Classification16 Nov 2025
- 2025Neuro-Informed Joint Learning Enhances Cognitive Workload Decoding in Portable BCIs30 Jun 2025
- 2025A Simulator Dataset to Support the Study of Impaired Driving15 Apr 2025
- 2024CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in REaltime with Multimodal Data26 Apr 2024
- 2023EEG-based Cognitive Load Classification using Feature Masked Autoencoding and Emotion Transfer Learning1 Aug 2023