Form-NLU: Dataset for the Form Natural Language Understanding
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Abstract (arXiv)
Compared to general document analysis tasks, form document structure understanding and retrieval are challenging. Form documents are typically made by two types of authors; A form designer, who develops the form structure and keys, and a form user, who fills out form values based on the provided keys. Hence, the form values may not be aligned with the form designer's intention (structure and keys) if a form user gets confused. In this paper, we introduce Form-NLU, the first novel dataset for form structure understanding and its key and value information extraction, interpreting the form designer's intent and the alignment of user-written value on it. It consists of 857 form images, 6k form keys and values, and 4k table keys and values. Our dataset also includes three form types: digital, printed, and handwritten, which cover diverse form appearances and layouts. We propose a robust positional and logical relation-based form key-value information extraction framework. Using this dataset, Form-NLU, we first examine strong object detection models for the form layout understanding, then evaluate the key information extraction task on the dataset, providing fine-grained results for different types of forms and keys. Furthermore, we examine it with the off-the-shelf pdf layout extraction tool and prove its feasibility in real-world cases.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)cited by 77
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Surveycited by 21
- 2024StrucTexTv3: An Efficient Vision-Language Model for Text-rich Image Perception, Comprehension, and Beyondcited by 11
- 2024PDF-MVQA: A Dataset for Multimodal Information Retrieval in PDF-based Visual Question Answeringcited by 7
- 2024KVP10k : A Comprehensive Dataset for Key-Value Pair Extraction in Business Documentscited by 5
- 2024SynJAC: Synthetic-data-driven Joint-granular Adaptation and Calibration for Domain Specific Scanned Document Key Information Extractioncited by 4
- 2025VRD-IU: Lessons from Visually Rich Document Intelligence and Understandingcited by 2
- 2026BRIDGE: Benchmark for multi-hop Reasoning In long multimodal Documents with Grounded Evidencecited by 2
- 2024AiBAT: Artificial Intelligence/Instructions for Build, Assembly, and Testcited by 1
- 2023Workshop on Document Intelligence Understandingcited by 0
- 2025SynDoc: A Hybrid Discriminative-Generative Framework for Enhancing Synthetic Domain-Adaptive Document Key Information Extractioncited by 0
- 2026BaFCo: A Document Understanding Benchmark for Complex Bangla Form Comprehensioncited by 0
- 2026Mind the Gaps: A Curated Benchmark for Form Field Detection20 Sep 2026
- 2026Stop Thinking, Start Looking: Efficient Post-Training for Multimodal Document Question Answering via Reasoning-Free Alignment16 Jul 2026
- 2026BaFCo: A Document Understanding Benchmark for Complex Bangla Form Comprehension6 Jul 2026
- 2026BRIDGE: Benchmark for multi-hop Reasoning In long multimodal Documents with Grounded Evidence9 Mar 2026
- 2025SynDoc: A Hybrid Discriminative-Generative Framework for Enhancing Synthetic Domain-Adaptive Document Key Information Extraction27 Sep 2025
- 2025VRD-IU: Lessons from Visually Rich Document Intelligence and Understanding2 Jun 2025
- 2024AiBAT: Artificial Intelligence/Instructions for Build, Assembly, and Test3 Oct 2024
- 2024SynJAC: Synthetic-data-driven Joint-granular Adaptation and Calibration for Domain Specific Scanned Document Key Information Extraction2 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Survey2 Aug 2024
- 2024StrucTexTv3: An Efficient Vision-Language Model for Text-rich Image Perception, Comprehension, and Beyond31 May 2024
- 2024KVP10k : A Comprehensive Dataset for Key-Value Pair Extraction in Business Documents1 May 2024
- 2024PDF-MVQA: A Dataset for Multimodal Information Retrieval in PDF-based Visual Question Answering19 Apr 2024
2 more
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)4 Feb 2024
- 2023Workshop on Document Intelligence Understanding31 Jul 2023
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)cited by 77
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Surveycited by 21
- 2024PDF-MVQA: A Dataset for Multimodal Information Retrieval in PDF-based Visual Question Answeringcited by 7
- 2024KVP10k : A Comprehensive Dataset for Key-Value Pair Extraction in Business Documentscited by 5
- 2024SynJAC: Synthetic-data-driven Joint-granular Adaptation and Calibration for Domain Specific Scanned Document Key Information Extractioncited by 4
- 2025VRD-IU: Lessons from Visually Rich Document Intelligence and Understandingcited by 2
- 2024AiBAT: Artificial Intelligence/Instructions for Build, Assembly, and Testcited by 1
- 2023Workshop on Document Intelligence Understandingcited by 0
- 2025SynDoc: A Hybrid Discriminative-Generative Framework for Enhancing Synthetic Domain-Adaptive Document Key Information Extractioncited by 0
- 2026Stop Thinking, Start Looking: Efficient Post-Training for Multimodal Document Question Answering via Reasoning-Free Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Mind the Gaps: A Curated Benchmark for Form Field Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Mind the Gaps: A Curated Benchmark for Form Field Detection20 Sep 2026
- 2026Stop Thinking, Start Looking: Efficient Post-Training for Multimodal Document Question Answering via Reasoning-Free Alignment16 Jul 2026
- 2025SynDoc: A Hybrid Discriminative-Generative Framework for Enhancing Synthetic Domain-Adaptive Document Key Information Extraction27 Sep 2025
- 2025VRD-IU: Lessons from Visually Rich Document Intelligence and Understanding2 Jun 2025
- 2024AiBAT: Artificial Intelligence/Instructions for Build, Assembly, and Test3 Oct 2024
- 2024SynJAC: Synthetic-data-driven Joint-granular Adaptation and Calibration for Domain Specific Scanned Document Key Information Extraction2 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Survey2 Aug 2024
- 2024KVP10k : A Comprehensive Dataset for Key-Value Pair Extraction in Business Documents1 May 2024
- 2024PDF-MVQA: A Dataset for Multimodal Information Retrieval in PDF-based Visual Question Answering19 Apr 2024
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)4 Feb 2024
- 2023Workshop on Document Intelligence Understanding31 Jul 2023