mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Unknown Sniffer for Object Detection: Don't Turn a Blind Eye to Unknown Objects

arXiv 2303.13769 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

The recently proposed open-world object and open-set detection have achieved a breakthrough in finding never-seen-before objects and distinguishing them from known ones. However, their studies on knowledge transfer from known classes to unknown ones are not deep enough, resulting in the scanty capability for detecting unknowns hidden in the background. In this paper, we propose the unknown sniffer (UnSniffer) to find both unknown and known objects. Firstly, the generalized object confidence (GOC) score is introduced, which only uses known samples for supervision and avoids improper suppression of unknowns in the background. Significantly, such confidence score learned from known objects can be generalized to unknown ones. Additionally, we propose a negative energy suppression loss to further suppress the non-object samples in the background. Next, the best box of each unknown is hard to obtain during inference due to lacking their semantic information in training. To solve this issue, we introduce a graph-based determination scheme to replace hand-designed non-maximum suppression (NMS) post-processing. Finally, we present the Unknown Object Detection Benchmark, the first publicly benchmark that encompasses precision evaluation for unknown detection to our knowledge. Experiments show that our method is far better than the existing state-of-the-art methods.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2023.

Builds on

35 of 48 references.

References · 35

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  3. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
  4. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,414
  5. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
  6. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
  7. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,852
  8. 2015Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learningcited by 4,448
  9. 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,422
  10. 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,130
  11. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,449
  12. 2016A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networkscited by 2,385
23 more
  1. 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,431
  2. 2017Enhancing The Reliability of Out-of-distribution Image Detection in Neural Networkscited by 1,328
  3. 2020Energy-based Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 1,299
  4. 2018BDD100K: A Diverse Driving Dataset for Heterogeneous Multitask Learningcited by 1,288
  5. 2017Cascade R-CNN: Delving into High Quality Object Detectioncited by 1,276
  6. 2015Towards Open Set Deep Networkscited by 538
  7. 2022VOS: Learning What You Don't Know by Virtual Outlier Synthesiscited by 300
  8. 2021Towards Open World Object Detectioncited by 297
  9. 2017Computer Vision for Autonomous Vehicles: Problems, Datasets and State of the Artcited by 182
  10. 2021OW-DETR: Open-world Detection Transformercited by 129
  11. 2016Lost and Found: Detecting Small Road Hazards for Self-Driving Vehiclescited by 117
  12. 2017Dropout Sampling for Robust Object Detection in Open-Set Conditionscited by 112
  13. 2019TANet: Robust 3D Object Detection from Point Clouds with Triple Attentioncited by 108
  14. 2018Improving Reconstruction Autoencoder Out-of-distribution Detection with Mahalanobis Distancecited by 74
  15. 2022Unknown-Aware Object Detection: Learning What You Don't Know from Videos in the Wildcited by 70
  16. 2018Probabilistic Object Detection: Definition and Evaluationcited by 55
  17. 2018Evaluating Merging Strategies for Sampling-based Uncertainty Techniques in Object Detectioncited by 51
  18. 2022UC-OWOD: Unknown-Classified Open World Object Detectioncited by 40
  19. 2022Revisiting Open World Object Detectioncited by 30
  20. 2016Detecting Unexpected Obstacles for Self-Driving Cars: Fusing Deep Learning and Geometric Modelingcited by 28
  21. 2021Objects in Semantic Topologycited by 18
  22. 2019A Novel Multi-layer Framework for Tiny Obstacle Discoverycited by 14
  23. 2021Tiny Obstacle Discovery by Occlusion-Aware Multilayer Regressioncited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 8; 2025: 6; 2026: 6.

23 papers.

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  1. 2024Open World Object Detection: A Surveycited by 13
  2. 2024DiPEx: Dispersing Prompt Expansion for Class-Agnostic Object Detectioncited by 11
  3. 2024AnomalyNCD: Towards Novel Anomaly Class Discovery in Industrial Scenarioscited by 9
  4. 2025LLM-Guided Agentic Object Detection for Open-World Understandingcited by 7
  5. 2023USD: Unknown Sensitive Detector Empowered by Decoupled Objectness and Segment Anything Modelcited by 4
  6. 2023SKDF: A Simple Knowledge Distillation Framework for Distilling Open-Vocabulary Knowledge to Open-world Object Detectorcited by 4
  7. 2023Enhancing Novel Object Detection via Cooperative Foundational Modelscited by 2
  8. 2024SM4Depth: Seamless Monocular Metric Depth Estimation across Multiple Cameras and Scenes by One Modelcited by 2
  9. 2024HD-OOD3D: Supervised and Unsupervised Out-of-Distribution object detection in LiDAR datacited by 2
  10. 2025Opportunistic Collaborative Planning with Large Vision Model Guided Control and Joint Query-Service Optimizationcited by 2
  11. 2026Detecting Unknown Objects via Energy-based Separation for Open World Object Detectioncited by 2
  12. 2024BelHouse3D: A Benchmark Dataset for Assessing Occlusion Robustness in 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
11 more
  1. 2025Cues3D: Unleashing the Power of Sole NeRF for Consistent and Unique Instances in Open-Vocabulary 3D Panoptic Segmentationcited by 1
  2. 2025Object-level Correlation for Few-Shot Segmentationcited by 1
  3. 2024OW-Rep: Open World Object Detection with Instance Representation Learningcited by 0
  4. 2024On the Inherent Robustness of One-Stage Object Detection against Out-of-Distribution Datacited by 0
  5. 2025Decoupled PROB: Decoupled Query Initialization Tasks and Objectness-Class Learning for Open World Object Detectioncited by 0
  6. 2025Three-Way Open-Set Detection for Robust Autonomous Navigationcited by 0
  7. 2026Out-of-Distribution Object Detection in Street Scenes via Synthetic Outlier Exposure and Transfer Learningcited by 0
  8. 2026Towards Adaptive Open-Set Object Detection via Category-Level Collaboration Knowledge Miningcited by 0
  9. 2026The Devil Is in Gradient Entanglement: Energy-Aware Gradient Coordinator for Robust Generalized Category Discoverycited by 0
  10. 2026Beyond Known Objects: A Novel Framework for Open-Set Object Detection using Negative-Aware Normcited by 0
  11. 2026DualMem: Bypassing the Objectness Bottleneck for Calibrated Unknown-Stream Filtering in Open-World Object Detectioncited by 0