High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: with Reliable and Efficient Distance Comparison Operations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Approximate K nearest neighbor (AKNN) search is a fundamental and challenging problem. We observe that in high-dimensional space, the time consumption of nearly all AKNN algorithms is dominated by that of the distance comparison operations (DCOs). For each operation, it scans full dimensions of an object and thus, runs in linear time wrt the dimensionality. To speed it up, we propose a randomized algorithm named ADSampling which runs in logarithmic time wrt to the dimensionality for the majority of DCOs and succeeds with high probability. In addition, based on ADSampling we develop one general and two algorithm-specific techniques as plugins to enhance existing AKNN algorithms. Both theoretical and empirical studies confirm that: (1) our techniques introduce nearly no accuracy loss and (2) they consistently improve the efficiency.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Mar 2023.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 10; 2026: 9.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Vector Database: Storage and Retrieval Technique, Challengecited by 55
- 2023Chameleon: a Heterogeneous and Disaggregated Accelerator System for Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 23
- 2025RAGO: Systematic Performance Optimization for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Servingcited by 18
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- 2025LEANN: A Low-Storage Vector Indexcited by 4
- 2025Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Searchcited by 4
- 2024Probabilistic Routing for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 3
- 2025HAKES: Scalable Vector Database for Embedding Search Servicecited by 2
- 2025Probabilistic Kernel Function for Fast Angle Testingcited by 2
- 2025Panorama: Fast-Track Nearest Neighborscited by 2
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- 2024UpANNS: Enhancing Billion-Scale ANNS Efficiency with Real-World PIM Architecturecited by 0
- 2025Distance Adaptive Beam Search for Provably Accurate Graph-Based Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 0
- 2025Trading Vector Data in Vector Databasescited by 0
- 2026Efficient K-generalizable Learned Searchcited by 0
- 2026Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for Modern AI: A Projection-Augmented Graph Approachcited by 0
- 2026CubeGraph: Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Spatial and Temporal Datacited by 0
- 2026NasZip: Software and Hardware Co-Design to Accelerate Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with DIMM-Based Near-Data Processingcited by 0
- 2026ANN Search: Recall What Matterscited by 0
- 2026HNSW with Accuracy Guarantees Using Graph Spannerscited by 0
- 2026Stop Indexing at Full Precision: Revisiting Clustering for Vector Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026A Power Law in Logarithm's Clothing: On the Scalability of Graph-Based Vector Searchcited by 0
- 2026A Power Law in Logarithm's Clothing: On the Scalability of Graph-Based Vector Search2 Sep 2026
- 2026Stop Indexing at Full Precision: Revisiting Clustering for Vector Embeddings30 Jul 2026
- 2026HNSW with Accuracy Guarantees Using Graph Spanners2 Jul 2026
- 2026ANN Search: Recall What Matters3 Jun 2026
- 2026NasZip: Software and Hardware Co-Design to Accelerate Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with DIMM-Based Near-Data Processing21 May 2026
- 2026CubeGraph: Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Spatial and Temporal Data8 Apr 2026
- 2026A Super Fast K-means for Indexing Vector Embeddings20 Mar 2026
- 2026Efficient K-generalizable Learned Search6 Mar 2026
- 2026Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for Modern AI: A Projection-Augmented Graph Approach1 Mar 2026
- 2025Trading Vector Data in Vector Databases10 Nov 2025
- 2025Panorama: Fast-Track Nearest Neighbors1 Oct 2025
- 2025Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Search2 Aug 2025
13 more
- 2025LEANN: A Low-Storage Vector Index9 Jun 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Kernel Function for Fast Angle Testing26 May 2025
- 2025Distance Adaptive Beam Search for Provably Accurate Graph-Based Nearest Neighbor Search21 May 2025
- 2025HAKES: Scalable Vector Database for Embedding Search Service18 May 2025
- 2025Bang for the Buck: Vector Search on Cloud CPUs12 May 2025
- 2025RAGO: Systematic Performance Optimization for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Serving18 Mar 2025
- 2025PDX: A Data Layout for Vector Similarity Search6 Mar 2025
- 2024UpANNS: Enhancing Billion-Scale ANNS Efficiency with Real-World PIM Architecture31 Oct 2024
- 2024RoarGraph: A Projected Bipartite Graph for Efficient Cross-Modal Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search16 Aug 2024
- 2024CANDY: A Benchmark for Continuous Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Dynamic Data Ingestion28 Jun 2024
- 2024Probabilistic Routing for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search17 Feb 2024
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Vector Database: Storage and Retrieval Technique, Challenge18 Oct 2023
- 2023Chameleon: a Heterogeneous and Disaggregated Accelerator System for Retrieval-Augmented Language Models15 Oct 2023
- 2023Chameleon: a Heterogeneous and Disaggregated Accelerator System for Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 23
- 2025RAGO: Systematic Performance Optimization for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Servingcited by 18
- 2025LEANN: A Low-Storage Vector Indexcited by 4
- 2025Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Searchcited by 4
- 2024UpANNS: Enhancing Billion-Scale ANNS Efficiency with Real-World PIM Architecturecited by 0
- 2026CubeGraph: Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Spatial and Temporal Datacited by 0
- 2026NasZip: Software and Hardware Co-Design to Accelerate Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with DIMM-Based Near-Data Processingcited by 0
- 2026ANN Search: Recall What Matterscited by 0
- 2026ANN Search: Recall What Matters3 Jun 2026
- 2026NasZip: Software and Hardware Co-Design to Accelerate Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with DIMM-Based Near-Data Processing21 May 2026
- 2026CubeGraph: Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Spatial and Temporal Data8 Apr 2026
- 2025Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Search2 Aug 2025
- 2025LEANN: A Low-Storage Vector Index9 Jun 2025
- 2025RAGO: Systematic Performance Optimization for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Serving18 Mar 2025
- 2024UpANNS: Enhancing Billion-Scale ANNS Efficiency with Real-World PIM Architecture31 Oct 2024
- 2023Chameleon: a Heterogeneous and Disaggregated Accelerator System for Retrieval-Augmented Language Models15 Oct 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Vector Database: Storage and Retrieval Technique, Challengecited by 55
- 2024RoarGraph: A Projected Bipartite Graph for Efficient Cross-Modal Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 12
- 2025PDX: A Data Layout for Vector Similarity Searchcited by 8
- 2024CANDY: A Benchmark for Continuous Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Dynamic Data Ingestioncited by 4
- 2024Probabilistic Routing for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 3
- 2025HAKES: Scalable Vector Database for Embedding Search Servicecited by 2
- 2025Probabilistic Kernel Function for Fast Angle Testingcited by 2
- 2025Panorama: Fast-Track Nearest Neighborscited by 2
- 2026A Super Fast K-means for Indexing Vector Embeddingscited by 2
- 2025Bang for the Buck: Vector Search on Cloud CPUscited by 1
- 2025Distance Adaptive Beam Search for Provably Accurate Graph-Based Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 0
- 2025Trading Vector Data in Vector Databasescited by 0
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026A Power Law in Logarithm's Clothing: On the Scalability of Graph-Based Vector Search2 Sep 2026
- 2026Stop Indexing at Full Precision: Revisiting Clustering for Vector Embeddings30 Jul 2026
- 2026HNSW with Accuracy Guarantees Using Graph Spanners2 Jul 2026
- 2026A Super Fast K-means for Indexing Vector Embeddings20 Mar 2026
- 2026Efficient K-generalizable Learned Search6 Mar 2026
- 2026Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for Modern AI: A Projection-Augmented Graph Approach1 Mar 2026
- 2025Trading Vector Data in Vector Databases10 Nov 2025
- 2025Panorama: Fast-Track Nearest Neighbors1 Oct 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Kernel Function for Fast Angle Testing26 May 2025
- 2025Distance Adaptive Beam Search for Provably Accurate Graph-Based Nearest Neighbor Search21 May 2025
- 2025HAKES: Scalable Vector Database for Embedding Search Service18 May 2025
- 2025Bang for the Buck: Vector Search on Cloud CPUs12 May 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)