Despite "super-human" performance, current LLMs are unsuited for decisions about ethics and safety
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity in the past few years and have achieved undeniably impressive results on benchmarks as varied as question answering and text summarization. We provide a simple new prompting strategy that leads to yet another supposedly "super-human" result, this time outperforming humans at common sense ethical reasoning (as measured by accuracy on a subset of the ETHICS dataset). Unfortunately, we find that relying on average performance to judge capabilities can be highly misleading. LLM errors differ systematically from human errors in ways that make it easy to craft adversarial examples, or even perturb existing examples to flip the output label. We also observe signs of inverse scaling with model size on some examples, and show that prompting models to "explain their reasoning" often leads to alarming justifications of unethical actions. Our results highlight how human-like performance does not necessarily imply human-like understanding or reasoning.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Dec 2022.
Builds on
35 of 43 references.
References · 35
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- 2023Utilizing ChatGPT to Enhance Clinical Trial Enrollmentcited by 4
- 2023In-Context Ability Transfer for Question Decomposition in Complex QAcited by 3
- 2025Quantifying Cognitive Bias Induction in LLM-Generated Content3 Jul 2025
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- 2024Are Large Language Models Consistent over Value-laden Questions?3 Jul 2024
- 2024Cognitive Bias in Decision-Making with LLMs25 Feb 2024
- 2023In-Context Ability Transfer for Question Decomposition in Complex QA26 Oct 2023
- 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?25 Sep 2023
- 2023An Evaluation of GPT-4 on the ETHICS Dataset19 Sep 2023
- 2023A Critical Review of Large Language Models: Sensitivity, Bias, and the Path Toward Specialized AI28 Jul 2023
- 2023Utilizing ChatGPT to Enhance Clinical Trial Enrollment3 Jun 2023
- 2023Toward General Design Principles for Generative AI Applications13 Jan 2023