A Survey of Computer Vision Technologies In Urban and Controlled-environment Agriculture
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
In the evolution of agriculture to its next stage, Agriculture 5.0, artificial intelligence will play a central role. Controlled-environment agriculture, or CEA, is a special form of urban and suburban agricultural practice that offers numerous economic, environmental, and social benefits, including shorter transportation routes to population centers, reduced environmental impact, and increased productivity. Due to its ability to control environmental factors, CEA couples well with computer vision (CV) in the adoption of real-time monitoring of the plant conditions and autonomous cultivation and harvesting. The objective of this paper is to familiarize CV researchers with agricultural applications and agricultural practitioners with the solutions offered by CV. We identify five major CV applications in CEA, analyze their requirements and motivation, and survey the state of the art as reflected in 68 technical papers using deep learning methods. In addition, we discuss five key subareas of computer vision and how they related to these CEA problems, as well as eleven vision-based CEA datasets. We hope the survey will help researchers quickly gain a bird-eye view of the striving research area and will spark inspiration for new research and development.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 168 of its 388 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Oct 2022.
Builds on
168 of 388 references.
References · 168
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,364
- 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,139
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 12,049
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
- 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,733
38 more
- 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,442
- 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,475
- 2017mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 5,183
- 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,155
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,070
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
- 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
- 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,859
- 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,852
- 2017MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applicationscited by 3,845
- 2017Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networkscited by 3,384
- 2017Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Datasetcited by 3,270
- 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,241
- 2018Encoder-Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 3,223
- 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,130
- 2017Prototypical Networks for Few-shot Learningcited by 3,015
- 2015Fast R-CNNcited by 2,933
- 2020Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignmentscited by 2,857
- 2016Aggregated Residual Transformations for Deep Neural Networkscited by 2,546
- 2019RandAugment: Practical automated data augmentation with a reduced search spacecited by 2,269
- 2017Understanding Black-box Predictions via Influence Functionscited by 1,741
- 2016Understanding deep learning requires rethinking generalizationcited by 1,674
- 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,577
- 2017Accurate, Large Minibatch SGD: Training ImageNet in 1 Hourcited by 1,492
- 2017Deformable Convolutional Networkscited by 1,488
- 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,431
- 2017Bottom-Up and Top-Down Attention for Image Captioning and Visual Question Answeringcited by 1,312
- 2017Cascade R-CNN: Delving into High Quality Object Detectioncited by 1,276
- 2017ShuffleNet: An Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devicescited by 1,200
- 2017SmoothGrad: removing noise by adding noisecited by 1,109
- 2019When Does Label Smoothing Help?cited by 988
- 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 971
- 2017Revisiting Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data in Deep Learning Eracited by 919
- 2019Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Machine Learning: An Introduction to Concepts and Methodscited by 913
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
- 2020A Review of Uncertainty Quantification in Deep Learning: Techniques, Applications and Challengescited by 819
- 2018Panoptic Segmentationcited by 802
- 2021Going deeper with Image Transformerscited by 764
50 most cited of 168 All 168 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
6 papers.
- 2025Internet of Things-Based Smart Precision Farming in Soilless Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Food Securitycited by 2
- 2026SAM-Aug: Leveraging SAM Priors for Few-Shot Parcel Segmentation in Satellite Time Seriescited by 1
- 2024Review of Fruit Tree Image Segmentationcited by 0
- 2025AI in Agriculture: A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques for Crops, Fisheries and Livestockcited by 0
- 2026Tracking Phenological Status and Ecological Interactions in a Hawaiian Cloud Forest Understory using Low-Cost Camera Traps and Visual Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026Fruit-HSNet: A Machine Learning Approach for Hyperspectral Image-Based Fruit Ripeness Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Fruit-HSNet: A Machine Learning Approach for Hyperspectral Image-Based Fruit Ripeness Prediction2 Aug 2026
- 2026Tracking Phenological Status and Ecological Interactions in a Hawaiian Cloud Forest Understory using Low-Cost Camera Traps and Visual Foundation Models8 Mar 2026
- 2026SAM-Aug: Leveraging SAM Priors for Few-Shot Parcel Segmentation in Satellite Time Series14 Jan 2026
- 2025AI in Agriculture: A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques for Crops, Fisheries and Livestock29 Jul 2025
- 2025Internet of Things-Based Smart Precision Farming in Soilless Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Food Security15 Mar 2025
- 2024Review of Fruit Tree Image Segmentation19 Dec 2024