Wildcat: Online Continuous-Time 3D Lidar-Inertial SLAM
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present Wildcat, a novel online 3D lidar-inertial SLAM system with exceptional versatility and robustness. At its core, Wildcat combines a robust real-time lidar-inertial odometry module, utilising a continuous-time trajectory representation, with an efficient pose-graph optimisation module that seamlessly supports both the single- and multi-agent settings. The robustness of Wildcat was recently demonstrated in the DARPA Subterranean Challenge where it outperformed other SLAM systems across various types of sensing-degraded and perceptually challenging environments. In this paper, we extensively evaluate Wildcat in a diverse set of new and publicly available real-world datasets and showcase its superior robustness and versatility over two existing state-of-the-art lidar-inertial SLAM systems.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 May 2022.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.
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- 2023WildScenes: A Benchmark for 2D and 3D Semantic Segmentation in Large-scale Natural Environmentscited by 16
- 2026WildCross: A Cross-Modal Large Scale Benchmark for Place Recognition and Metric Depth Estimation in Natural Environmentscited by 5
- 2023Traj-LO: In Defense of LiDAR-Only Odometry Using an Effective Continuous-Time Trajectorycited by 4
- 2022Tree Reconstruction using Topology Optimisationcited by 2
- 2024Traj-LIO: A Resilient Multi-LiDAR Multi-IMU State Estimator Through Sparse Gaussian Processcited by 2
- 2024SLAM for Indoor Mapping of Wide Area Construction Environmentscited by 2
- 2024Outlier-Robust Long-Term Robotic Mapping Leveraging Ground Segmentationcited by 1
- 2025Holistic Fusion: Task- and Setup-Agnostic Robot Localization and State Estimation with Factor Graphscited by 1
- 2025Queryable 3D Scene Representation: A Multi-Modal Framework for Semantic Reasoning and Robotic Task Planningcited by 1
- 2025CompSLAM: Complementary Hierarchical Multi-Modal Localization and Mapping for Robot Autonomy in Underground Environmentscited by 0
- 2026Cross-Modal Benchmarking for Robotic Perception in Natural Environmentscited by 0
- 2026GemNav: Discrete-Token Visual Robot Navigation using a Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026GemNav: Discrete-Token Visual Robot Navigation using a Multimodal Large Language Model8 Jul 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal Benchmarking for Robotic Perception in Natural Environments10 Jun 2026
- 2026WildCross: A Cross-Modal Large Scale Benchmark for Place Recognition and Metric Depth Estimation in Natural Environments2 Mar 2026
- 2025Queryable 3D Scene Representation: A Multi-Modal Framework for Semantic Reasoning and Robotic Task Planning24 Sep 2025
- 2025CompSLAM: Complementary Hierarchical Multi-Modal Localization and Mapping for Robot Autonomy in Underground Environments10 May 2025
- 2025Holistic Fusion: Task- and Setup-Agnostic Robot Localization and State Estimation with Factor Graphs8 Apr 2025
- 2024Outlier-Robust Long-Term Robotic Mapping Leveraging Ground Segmentation18 May 2024
- 2024SLAM for Indoor Mapping of Wide Area Construction Environments26 Apr 2024
- 2024Traj-LIO: A Resilient Multi-LiDAR Multi-IMU State Estimator Through Sparse Gaussian Process14 Feb 2024
- 2023WildScenes: A Benchmark for 2D and 3D Semantic Segmentation in Large-scale Natural Environments23 Dec 2023
- 2023Traj-LO: In Defense of LiDAR-Only Odometry Using an Effective Continuous-Time Trajectory25 Sep 2023
1 more
- 2022Tree Reconstruction using Topology Optimisation26 May 2022
- 2023WildScenes: A Benchmark for 2D and 3D Semantic Segmentation in Large-scale Natural Environmentscited by 16
- 2026WildCross: A Cross-Modal Large Scale Benchmark for Place Recognition and Metric Depth Estimation in Natural Environmentscited by 5
- 2023Traj-LO: In Defense of LiDAR-Only Odometry Using an Effective Continuous-Time Trajectorycited by 4
- 2022Tree Reconstruction using Topology Optimisationcited by 2
- 2024Traj-LIO: A Resilient Multi-LiDAR Multi-IMU State Estimator Through Sparse Gaussian Processcited by 2
- 2024SLAM for Indoor Mapping of Wide Area Construction Environmentscited by 2
- 2024Outlier-Robust Long-Term Robotic Mapping Leveraging Ground Segmentationcited by 1
- 2025Holistic Fusion: Task- and Setup-Agnostic Robot Localization and State Estimation with Factor Graphscited by 1
- 2025CompSLAM: Complementary Hierarchical Multi-Modal Localization and Mapping for Robot Autonomy in Underground Environmentscited by 0
- 2026Cross-Modal Benchmarking for Robotic Perception in Natural Environmentscited by 0
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forestscited by 0
- 2026M3GA-Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Multi-Modal Multi-session Ground-to-Aerial Place Recognition in Forests19 Sep 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal Benchmarking for Robotic Perception in Natural Environments10 Jun 2026
- 2026WildCross: A Cross-Modal Large Scale Benchmark for Place Recognition and Metric Depth Estimation in Natural Environments2 Mar 2026
- 2025CompSLAM: Complementary Hierarchical Multi-Modal Localization and Mapping for Robot Autonomy in Underground Environments10 May 2025
- 2025Holistic Fusion: Task- and Setup-Agnostic Robot Localization and State Estimation with Factor Graphs8 Apr 2025
- 2024Outlier-Robust Long-Term Robotic Mapping Leveraging Ground Segmentation18 May 2024
- 2024SLAM for Indoor Mapping of Wide Area Construction Environments26 Apr 2024
- 2024Traj-LIO: A Resilient Multi-LiDAR Multi-IMU State Estimator Through Sparse Gaussian Process14 Feb 2024
- 2023WildScenes: A Benchmark for 2D and 3D Semantic Segmentation in Large-scale Natural Environments23 Dec 2023
- 2023Traj-LO: In Defense of LiDAR-Only Odometry Using an Effective Continuous-Time Trajectory25 Sep 2023
- 2022Tree Reconstruction using Topology Optimisation26 May 2022