mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Efficient Unsupervised Sentence Compression by Fine-tuning Transformers with Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2205.08221 ↗First posted 17 May 2022cs.CLcited by 18

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Sentence compression reduces the length of text by removing non-essential content while preserving important facts and grammaticality. Unsupervised objective driven methods for sentence compression can be used to create customized models without the need for ground-truth training data, while allowing flexibility in the objective function(s) that are used for learning and inference. Recent unsupervised sentence compression approaches use custom objectives to guide discrete search; however, guided search is expensive at inference time. In this work, we explore the use of reinforcement learning to train effective sentence compression models that are also fast when generating predictions. In particular, we cast the task as binary sequence labelling and fine-tune a pre-trained transformer using a simple policy gradient approach. Our approach outperforms other unsupervised models while also being more efficient at inference time.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 May 2022.

Builds on

22 of 41 references.

References · 22

  1. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  2. 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,243
  3. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,562
  4. 2015A Neural Attention Model for Abstractive Sentence Summarizationcited by 394
  5. 2017A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 364
  6. 2018Newsroom: A Dataset of 1.3 Million Summaries with Diverse Extractive Strategiescited by 292
  7. 2018Ranking Sentences for Extractive Summarization with Reinforcement Learningcited by 128
  8. 2019Answers Unite! Unsupervised Metrics for Reinforced Summarization Modelscited by 92
  9. 2019Better Rewards Yield Better Summaries: Learning to Summarise Without Referencescited by 76
  10. 2018Unsupervised Abstractive Meeting Summarization with Multi-Sentence Compression and Budgeted Submodular Maximizationcited by 46
  11. 2018BanditSum: Extractive Summarization as a Contextual Banditcited by 46
  12. 2021Keep it Simple: Unsupervised Simplification of Multi-Paragraph Textcited by 45
10 more
  1. 2019BottleSum: Unsupervised and Self-supervised Sentence Summarization using the Information Bottleneck Principlecited by 39
  2. 2020Unsupervised Text Generation by Learning from Searchcited by 36
  3. 2016Language as a Latent Variable: Discrete Generative Models for Sentence Compressioncited by 28
  4. 2019SEQ^3: Differentiable Sequence-to-Sequence-to-Sequence Autoencoder for Unsupervised Abstractive Sentence Compressioncited by 27
  5. 2021The Summary Loop: Learning to Write Abstractive Summaries Without Examplescited by 27
  6. 2020Discrete Optimization for Unsupervised Sentence Summarization with Word-Level Extractioncited by 23
  7. 2019Simple Unsupervised Summarization by Contextual Matchingcited by 18
  8. 2018Unsupervised Sentence Compression using Denoising Auto-Encoderscited by 15
  9. 2016Multi-document abstractive summarization using ILP based multi-sentence compressioncited by 11
  10. 2019Deleter: Leveraging BERT to Perform Unsupervised Successive Text Compressioncited by 5

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 7; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.

18 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2024Prompt Compression with Context-Aware Sentence Encoding for Fast and Improved LLM Inferencecited by 51
  2. 2023Discrete Prompt Compression with Reinforcement Learningcited by 42
  3. 2024Towards Optimizing the Costs of LLM Usagecited by 33
  4. 2024Fundamental Limits of Prompt Compression: A Rate-Distortion Framework for Black-Box Language Modelscited by 18
  5. 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Modelscited by 15
  6. 2022Referee: Reference-Free Sentence Summarization with Sharper Controllability through Symbolic Knowledge Distillationcited by 14
  7. 2025DSPC: Dual-Stage Progressive Compression Framework for Efficient Long-Context Reasoningcited by 9
  8. 2025An Empirical Study on Prompt Compression for Large Language Modelscited by 8
  9. 2025Dynamic Compressing Prompts for Efficient Inference of Large Language Modelscited by 6
  10. 2024InstructCMP: Length Control in Sentence Compression through Instruction-based Large Language Modelscited by 4
  11. 2025Considering Length Diversity in Retrieval-Augmented Summarizationcited by 2
  12. 2024PCToolkit: A Unified Plug-and-Play Prompt Compression Toolkit of Large Language Modelscited by 1
6 more
  1. 2024GLIMMER: Incorporating Graph and Lexical Features in Unsupervised Multi-Document Summarizationcited by 1
  2. 2025Oreo: A Plug-in Context Reconstructor to Enhance Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 1
  3. 2025Length Representations in Large Language Modelscited by 1
  4. 2026Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Missing Modality Completion in Product Cataloguescited by 1
  5. 2026Prompt Compression in Diffusion Large Language Models: Evaluating LLMLingua-2 on LLaDAcited by 1
  6. 2023From Lengthy to Lucid: A Systematic Literature Review on NLP Techniques for Taming Long Sentencescited by 0