Efficient Unsupervised Sentence Compression by Fine-tuning Transformers with Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Sentence compression reduces the length of text by removing non-essential content while preserving important facts and grammaticality. Unsupervised objective driven methods for sentence compression can be used to create customized models without the need for ground-truth training data, while allowing flexibility in the objective function(s) that are used for learning and inference. Recent unsupervised sentence compression approaches use custom objectives to guide discrete search; however, guided search is expensive at inference time. In this work, we explore the use of reinforcement learning to train effective sentence compression models that are also fast when generating predictions. In particular, we cast the task as binary sequence labelling and fine-tune a pre-trained transformer using a simple policy gradient approach. Our approach outperforms other unsupervised models while also being more efficient at inference time.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 May 2022.
Builds on
22 of 41 references.
References · 22
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- 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,243
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- 2017A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 364
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- 2019Answers Unite! Unsupervised Metrics for Reinforced Summarization Modelscited by 92
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- 2018Unsupervised Abstractive Meeting Summarization with Multi-Sentence Compression and Budgeted Submodular Maximizationcited by 46
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- 2021Keep it Simple: Unsupervised Simplification of Multi-Paragraph Textcited by 45
10 more
- 2019BottleSum: Unsupervised and Self-supervised Sentence Summarization using the Information Bottleneck Principlecited by 39
- 2020Unsupervised Text Generation by Learning from Searchcited by 36
- 2016Language as a Latent Variable: Discrete Generative Models for Sentence Compressioncited by 28
- 2019SEQ^3: Differentiable Sequence-to-Sequence-to-Sequence Autoencoder for Unsupervised Abstractive Sentence Compressioncited by 27
- 2021The Summary Loop: Learning to Write Abstractive Summaries Without Examplescited by 27
- 2020Discrete Optimization for Unsupervised Sentence Summarization with Word-Level Extractioncited by 23
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 7; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Prompt Compression with Context-Aware Sentence Encoding for Fast and Improved LLM Inferencecited by 51
- 2023Discrete Prompt Compression with Reinforcement Learningcited by 42
- 2024Towards Optimizing the Costs of LLM Usagecited by 33
- 2024Fundamental Limits of Prompt Compression: A Rate-Distortion Framework for Black-Box Language Modelscited by 18
- 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2022Referee: Reference-Free Sentence Summarization with Sharper Controllability through Symbolic Knowledge Distillationcited by 14
- 2025DSPC: Dual-Stage Progressive Compression Framework for Efficient Long-Context Reasoningcited by 9
- 2025An Empirical Study on Prompt Compression for Large Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025Dynamic Compressing Prompts for Efficient Inference of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024InstructCMP: Length Control in Sentence Compression through Instruction-based Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025Considering Length Diversity in Retrieval-Augmented Summarizationcited by 2
- 2024PCToolkit: A Unified Plug-and-Play Prompt Compression Toolkit of Large Language Modelscited by 1
6 more
- 2024GLIMMER: Incorporating Graph and Lexical Features in Unsupervised Multi-Document Summarizationcited by 1
- 2025Oreo: A Plug-in Context Reconstructor to Enhance Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 1
- 2025Length Representations in Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Missing Modality Completion in Product Cataloguescited by 1
- 2026Prompt Compression in Diffusion Large Language Models: Evaluating LLMLingua-2 on LLaDAcited by 1
- 2023From Lengthy to Lucid: A Systematic Literature Review on NLP Techniques for Taming Long Sentencescited by 0
- 2026Prompt Compression in Diffusion Large Language Models: Evaluating LLMLingua-2 on LLaDA18 May 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Missing Modality Completion in Product Catalogues27 Jan 2026
- 2025DSPC: Dual-Stage Progressive Compression Framework for Efficient Long-Context Reasoning17 Sep 2025
- 2025Length Representations in Large Language Models27 Jul 2025
- 2025An Empirical Study on Prompt Compression for Large Language Models24 Apr 2025
- 2025Dynamic Compressing Prompts for Efficient Inference of Large Language Models15 Apr 2025
- 2025Considering Length Diversity in Retrieval-Augmented Summarization12 Mar 2025
- 2025Oreo: A Plug-in Context Reconstructor to Enhance Retrieval-Augmented Generation18 Feb 2025
- 2024Prompt Compression with Context-Aware Sentence Encoding for Fast and Improved LLM Inference2 Sep 2024
- 2024GLIMMER: Incorporating Graph and Lexical Features in Unsupervised Multi-Document Summarization19 Aug 2024
- 2024Fundamental Limits of Prompt Compression: A Rate-Distortion Framework for Black-Box Language Models22 Jul 2024
- 2024InstructCMP: Length Control in Sentence Compression through Instruction-based Large Language Models16 Jun 2024
6 more
- 2024PCToolkit: A Unified Plug-and-Play Prompt Compression Toolkit of Large Language Models26 Mar 2024
- 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Models2 Feb 2024
- 2024Towards Optimizing the Costs of LLM Usage29 Jan 2024
- 2023From Lengthy to Lucid: A Systematic Literature Review on NLP Techniques for Taming Long Sentences8 Dec 2023
- 2023Discrete Prompt Compression with Reinforcement Learning17 Aug 2023
- 2022Referee: Reference-Free Sentence Summarization with Sharper Controllability through Symbolic Knowledge Distillation25 Oct 2022
- 2024Prompt Compression with Context-Aware Sentence Encoding for Fast and Improved LLM Inferencecited by 51
- 2023Discrete Prompt Compression with Reinforcement Learningcited by 42
- 2024Fundamental Limits of Prompt Compression: A Rate-Distortion Framework for Black-Box Language Modelscited by 18
- 2025An Empirical Study on Prompt Compression for Large Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025Dynamic Compressing Prompts for Efficient Inference of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024PCToolkit: A Unified Plug-and-Play Prompt Compression Toolkit of Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Prompt Compression in Diffusion Large Language Models: Evaluating LLMLingua-2 on LLaDAcited by 1
- 2026Prompt Compression in Diffusion Large Language Models: Evaluating LLMLingua-2 on LLaDA18 May 2026
- 2025An Empirical Study on Prompt Compression for Large Language Models24 Apr 2025
- 2025Dynamic Compressing Prompts for Efficient Inference of Large Language Models15 Apr 2025
- 2024Prompt Compression with Context-Aware Sentence Encoding for Fast and Improved LLM Inference2 Sep 2024
- 2024Fundamental Limits of Prompt Compression: A Rate-Distortion Framework for Black-Box Language Models22 Jul 2024
- 2024PCToolkit: A Unified Plug-and-Play Prompt Compression Toolkit of Large Language Models26 Mar 2024
- 2023Discrete Prompt Compression with Reinforcement Learning17 Aug 2023
- 2024Towards Optimizing the Costs of LLM Usagecited by 33
- 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2022Referee: Reference-Free Sentence Summarization with Sharper Controllability through Symbolic Knowledge Distillationcited by 14
- 2024InstructCMP: Length Control in Sentence Compression through Instruction-based Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2024GLIMMER: Incorporating Graph and Lexical Features in Unsupervised Multi-Document Summarizationcited by 1
- 2025Length Representations in Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2023From Lengthy to Lucid: A Systematic Literature Review on NLP Techniques for Taming Long Sentencescited by 0
- 2025Length Representations in Large Language Models27 Jul 2025
- 2024GLIMMER: Incorporating Graph and Lexical Features in Unsupervised Multi-Document Summarization19 Aug 2024
- 2024InstructCMP: Length Control in Sentence Compression through Instruction-based Large Language Models16 Jun 2024
- 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Models2 Feb 2024
- 2024Towards Optimizing the Costs of LLM Usage29 Jan 2024
- 2023From Lengthy to Lucid: A Systematic Literature Review on NLP Techniques for Taming Long Sentences8 Dec 2023
- 2022Referee: Reference-Free Sentence Summarization with Sharper Controllability through Symbolic Knowledge Distillation25 Oct 2022