Deep Surrogate Assisted MAP-Elites for Automated Hearthstone Deckbuilding
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Abstract (arXiv)
We study the problem of efficiently generating high-quality and diverse content in games. Previous work on automated deckbuilding in Hearthstone shows that the quality diversity algorithm MAP-Elites can generate a collection of high-performing decks with diverse strategic gameplay. However, MAP-Elites requires a large number of expensive evaluations to discover a diverse collection of decks. We propose assisting MAP-Elites with a deep surrogate model trained online to predict game outcomes with respect to candidate decks. MAP-Elites discovers a diverse dataset to improve the surrogate model accuracy, while the surrogate model helps guide MAP-Elites towards promising new content. In a Hearthstone deckbuilding case study, we show that our approach improves the sample efficiency of MAP-Elites and outperforms a model trained offline with random decks, as well as a linear surrogate model baseline, setting a new state-of-the-art for quality diversity approaches in automated Hearthstone deckbuilding. We include the source code for all the experiments at: https://github.com/icaros-usc/EvoStone2.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Dec 2021.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 10; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.
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- 2022Deep Surrogate Assisted Generation of Environmentscited by 40
- 2023pyribs: A Bare-Bones Python Library for Quality Diversity Optimizationcited by 29
- 2022Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 24
- 2022General Intelligence Requires Rethinking Explorationcited by 20
- 2023Proximal Policy Gradient Arborescence for Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learningcited by 20
- 2023Multi-Robot Coordination and Layout Design for Automated Warehousingcited by 17
- 2022Training Diverse High-Dimensional Controllers by Scaling Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 10
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automatacited by 9
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarioscited by 8
- 2023Summarizing Strategy Card Game AI Competitioncited by 7
- 2024Measuring Diversity of Game Scenarioscited by 5
- 2023Efficient Quality-Diversity Optimization through Diverse Quality Speciescited by 3
14 more
- 2024Generative Design through Quality-Diversity Data Synthesis and Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025Destination-to-Chutes Task Mapping Optimization for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Sorting Systemscited by 3
- 2025Full Domain Analysis in Fluid Dynamicscited by 2
- 2022Persona-driven Dominant/Submissive Map (PDSM) Generation for Tutorialscited by 1
- 2025Soft Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 1
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spacescited by 1
- 2026Optimization of Edge Directions and Weights for Mixed Guidance Graphs in Lifelong Multi-Agent Path Findingcited by 1
- 2022Efficient Exploration using Model-Based Quality-Diversity with Gradientscited by 0
- 2023Fitness Approximation through Machine Learningcited by 0
- 2023Bayesian Quality-Diversity approaches for constrained optimization problems with mixed continuous, discrete and categorical variablescited by 0
- 2023Evolutionary Machine Learning and Gamescited by 0
- 2024Future Research Avenues for Artificial Intelligence in Digital Gaming: An Exploratory Reportcited by 0
- 2026Quality-Diversity Optimization as Multi-Objective Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026U-Net-Accelerated Quality-Diversity Optimization for Climate-Adaptive Urban Layoutscited by 0
- 2026U-Net-Accelerated Quality-Diversity Optimization for Climate-Adaptive Urban Layouts3 Jun 2026
- 2026Optimization of Edge Directions and Weights for Mixed Guidance Graphs in Lifelong Multi-Agent Path Finding26 Feb 2026
- 2026Quality-Diversity Optimization as Multi-Objective Optimization31 Jan 2026
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spaces3 Jan 2026
- 2025Soft Quality-Diversity Optimization30 Nov 2025
- 2025Destination-to-Chutes Task Mapping Optimization for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Sorting Systems3 Oct 2025
- 2025Full Domain Analysis in Fluid Dynamics28 May 2025
- 2024Future Research Avenues for Artificial Intelligence in Digital Gaming: An Exploratory Report18 Dec 2024
- 2024Generative Design through Quality-Diversity Data Synthesis and Language Models16 May 2024
- 2024Measuring Diversity of Game Scenarios15 Apr 2024
- 2023Evolutionary Machine Learning and Games20 Nov 2023
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automata28 Oct 2023
14 more
- 2023Bayesian Quality-Diversity approaches for constrained optimization problems with mixed continuous, discrete and categorical variables11 Sep 2023
- 2023Fitness Approximation through Machine Learning6 Sep 2023
- 2023Proximal Policy Gradient Arborescence for Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learning23 May 2023
- 2023Summarizing Strategy Card Game AI Competition19 May 2023
- 2023Multi-Robot Coordination and Layout Design for Automated Warehousing10 May 2023
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarios26 Apr 2023
- 2023Efficient Quality-Diversity Optimization through Diverse Quality Species14 Apr 2023
- 2023pyribs: A Bare-Bones Python Library for Quality Diversity Optimization1 Mar 2023
- 2022Efficient Exploration using Model-Based Quality-Diversity with Gradients22 Nov 2022
- 2022General Intelligence Requires Rethinking Exploration15 Nov 2022
- 2022Training Diverse High-Dimensional Controllers by Scaling Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealing6 Oct 2022
- 2022Deep Surrogate Assisted Generation of Environments9 Jun 2022
- 2022Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealing22 May 2022
- 2022Persona-driven Dominant/Submissive Map (PDSM) Generation for Tutorials11 Apr 2022
- 2022Deep Surrogate Assisted Generation of Environmentscited by 40
- 2023pyribs: A Bare-Bones Python Library for Quality Diversity Optimizationcited by 29
- 2022Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 24
- 2022General Intelligence Requires Rethinking Explorationcited by 20
- 2023Proximal Policy Gradient Arborescence for Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learningcited by 20
- 2023Multi-Robot Coordination and Layout Design for Automated Warehousingcited by 17
- 2022Training Diverse High-Dimensional Controllers by Scaling Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 10
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automatacited by 9
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarioscited by 8
- 2023Summarizing Strategy Card Game AI Competitioncited by 7
- 2024Measuring Diversity of Game Scenarioscited by 5
- 2023Efficient Quality-Diversity Optimization through Diverse Quality Speciescited by 3
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026U-Net-Accelerated Quality-Diversity Optimization for Climate-Adaptive Urban Layouts3 Jun 2026
- 2026Optimization of Edge Directions and Weights for Mixed Guidance Graphs in Lifelong Multi-Agent Path Finding26 Feb 2026
- 2026Quality-Diversity Optimization as Multi-Objective Optimization31 Jan 2026
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spaces3 Jan 2026
- 2025Soft Quality-Diversity Optimization30 Nov 2025
- 2025Destination-to-Chutes Task Mapping Optimization for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Sorting Systems3 Oct 2025
- 2025Full Domain Analysis in Fluid Dynamics28 May 2025
- 2024Future Research Avenues for Artificial Intelligence in Digital Gaming: An Exploratory Report18 Dec 2024
- 2024Measuring Diversity of Game Scenarios15 Apr 2024
- 2023Evolutionary Machine Learning and Games20 Nov 2023
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automata28 Oct 2023
- 2023Bayesian Quality-Diversity approaches for constrained optimization problems with mixed continuous, discrete and categorical variables11 Sep 2023
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)