MQBench: Towards Reproducible and Deployable Model Quantization Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
Model quantization has emerged as an indispensable technique to accelerate deep learning inference. While researchers continue to push the frontier of quantization algorithms, existing quantization work is often unreproducible and undeployable. This is because researchers do not choose consistent training pipelines and ignore the requirements for hardware deployments. In this work, we propose Model Quantization Benchmark (MQBench), a first attempt to evaluate, analyze, and benchmark the reproducibility and deployability for model quantization algorithms. We choose multiple different platforms for real-world deployments, including CPU, GPU, ASIC, DSP, and evaluate extensive state-of-the-art quantization algorithms under a unified training pipeline. MQBench acts like a bridge to connect the algorithm and the hardware. We conduct a comprehensive analysis and find considerable intuitive or counter-intuitive insights. By aligning the training settings, we find existing algorithms have about the same performance on the conventional academic track. While for the hardware-deployable quantization, there is a huge accuracy gap which remains unsettled. Surprisingly, no existing algorithm wins every challenge in MQBench, and we hope this work could inspire future research directions.
Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 55 of its 77 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Nov 2021.
Builds on
55 of 77 references.
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50 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 9; 2024: 9; 2025: 10; 2026: 4.
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- 2022QDrop: Randomly Dropping Quantization for Extremely Low-bit Post-Training Quantizationcited by 175
- 2022ANT: Exploiting Adaptive Numerical Data Type for Low-bit Deep Neural Network Quantizationcited by 42
- 2024Instance-Aware Group Quantization for Vision Transformerscited by 23
- 2023RobustMQ: Benchmarking Robustness of Quantized Modelscited by 19
- 2022RAPQ: Rescuing Accuracy for Power-of-Two Low-bit Post-training Quantizationcited by 14
- 2024Nearest is Not Dearest: Towards Practical Defense against Quantization-conditioned Backdoor Attackscited by 14
- 2023Quantized Feature Distillation for Network Quantizationcited by 13
- 2023EQ-Net: Elastic Quantization Neural Networkscited by 10
- 2023Poster: Self-Supervised Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillationcited by 10
- 2025Test-Time Model Adaptation for Quantized Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2023DeepGEMM: Accelerated Ultra Low-Precision Inference on CPU Architectures using Lookup Tablescited by 8
- 2022Neural Networks with Quantization Constraintscited by 4
26 more
- 2022Vertical Layering of Quantized Neural Networks for Heterogeneous Inferencecited by 4
- 2022QFT: Post-training quantization via fast joint finetuning of all degrees of freedomcited by 3
- 2024Fast and Controllable Post-training Sparsity: Learning Optimal Sparsity Allocation with Global Constraint in Minutescited by 3
- 2023Benchmarking the Robustness of Quantized Modelscited by 2
- 2023EfficientBioAI: Making Bioimaging AI Models Efficient in Energy, Latency and Representationcited by 2
- 2024Differentiable Search for Finding Optimal Quantization Strategycited by 2
- 2024HQOD: Harmonious Quantization for Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Data Generation for Hardware-Friendly Post-Training Quantizationcited by 2
- 2025Stabilizing Quantization-Aware Training by Implicit-Regularization on Hessian Matrixcited by 2
- 2025Punching Above Precision: Small Quantized Model Distillation with Learnable Regularizercited by 2
- 2024In-Distribution Consistency Regularization Improves the Generalization of Quantization-Aware Trainingcited by 1
- 2025NeUQI: Near-Optimal Uniform Quantization Parameter Initialization for Low-Bit LLMscited by 1
- 2025Q-SAM2: Accurate Quantization for Segment Anything Model 2cited by 1
- 2025Progressive Element-wise Gradient Estimation for Neural Network Quantizationcited by 1
- 2025Rounding-Guided Backdoor Injection in Deep Learning Model Quantizationcited by 1
- 2025Efficiently Training A Flat Neural Network Before It has been Quantizatedcited by 1
- 2023SysNoise: Exploring and Benchmarking Training-Deployment System Inconsistencycited by 0
- 2023RepQ: Generalizing Quantization-Aware Training for Re-Parametrized Architecturescited by 0
- 2024Self-Supervised Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
- 2024ISQuant: apply squant to the real deploymentcited by 0
- 2025Data-Augmented Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
- 2025MEC-Quant: Maximum Entropy Coding for Extremely Low Bit Quantization-Aware Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Efficient Tuning Before Low-Bit Post-Training Quantization for Stochastic Gradient Descent-optimized Modelscited by 0
- 2026Low-Dimensional High-Leverage Subspace Optimization: Beyond Full-Parameter Coupled Training for Neural Network Quantizationcited by 0
- 2026SandwichQuant: Which Parameters Matter Before and After Quantization?cited by 0
- 2026Is INT8 Portable? A Cross-Platform Measurement Study of Quantized Inference on Embedded and Automotive Acceleratorscited by 0
- 2026Is INT8 Portable? A Cross-Platform Measurement Study of Quantized Inference on Embedded and Automotive Accelerators14 Sep 2026
- 2026SandwichQuant: Which Parameters Matter Before and After Quantization?25 Aug 2026
- 2026Low-Dimensional High-Leverage Subspace Optimization: Beyond Full-Parameter Coupled Training for Neural Network Quantization4 Aug 2026
- 2026Efficient Tuning Before Low-Bit Post-Training Quantization for Stochastic Gradient Descent-optimized Models13 Jul 2026
- 2025Efficiently Training A Flat Neural Network Before It has been Quantizated3 Nov 2025
- 2025Rounding-Guided Backdoor Injection in Deep Learning Model Quantization5 Oct 2025
- 2025Punching Above Precision: Small Quantized Model Distillation with Learnable Regularizer25 Sep 2025
- 2025MEC-Quant: Maximum Entropy Coding for Extremely Low Bit Quantization-Aware Training19 Sep 2025
- 2025Data-Augmented Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillation4 Sep 2025
- 2025Progressive Element-wise Gradient Estimation for Neural Network Quantization27 Aug 2025
- 2025Test-Time Model Adaptation for Quantized Neural Networks4 Aug 2025
- 2025Q-SAM2: Accurate Quantization for Segment Anything Model 211 Jun 2025
26 more
- 2025NeUQI: Near-Optimal Uniform Quantization Parameter Initialization for Low-Bit LLMs23 May 2025
- 2025Stabilizing Quantization-Aware Training by Implicit-Regularization on Hessian Matrix14 Mar 2025
- 2024Data Generation for Hardware-Friendly Post-Training Quantization29 Oct 2024
- 2024HQOD: Harmonious Quantization for Object Detection5 Aug 2024
- 2024ISQuant: apply squant to the real deployment5 Jul 2024
- 2024Nearest is Not Dearest: Towards Practical Defense against Quantization-conditioned Backdoor Attacks21 May 2024
- 2024Fast and Controllable Post-training Sparsity: Learning Optimal Sparsity Allocation with Global Constraint in Minutes9 May 2024
- 2024Differentiable Search for Finding Optimal Quantization Strategy10 Apr 2024
- 2024Instance-Aware Group Quantization for Vision Transformers1 Apr 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillation17 Mar 2024
- 2024In-Distribution Consistency Regularization Improves the Generalization of Quantization-Aware Training21 Feb 2024
- 2023RepQ: Generalizing Quantization-Aware Training for Re-Parametrized Architectures9 Nov 2023
- 2023Poster: Self-Supervised Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillation22 Sep 2023
- 2023EQ-Net: Elastic Quantization Neural Networks15 Aug 2023
- 2023RobustMQ: Benchmarking Robustness of Quantized Models4 Aug 2023
- 2023Quantized Feature Distillation for Network Quantization20 Jul 2023
- 2023SysNoise: Exploring and Benchmarking Training-Deployment System Inconsistency1 Jul 2023
- 2023EfficientBioAI: Making Bioimaging AI Models Efficient in Energy, Latency and Representation9 Jun 2023
- 2023DeepGEMM: Accelerated Ultra Low-Precision Inference on CPU Architectures using Lookup Tables18 Apr 2023
- 2023Benchmarking the Robustness of Quantized Models8 Apr 2023
- 2022Vertical Layering of Quantized Neural Networks for Heterogeneous Inference10 Dec 2022
- 2022QFT: Post-training quantization via fast joint finetuning of all degrees of freedom5 Dec 2022
- 2022Neural Networks with Quantization Constraints27 Oct 2022
- 2022ANT: Exploiting Adaptive Numerical Data Type for Low-bit Deep Neural Network Quantization30 Aug 2022
- 2022RAPQ: Rescuing Accuracy for Power-of-Two Low-bit Post-training Quantization26 Apr 2022
- 2022QDrop: Randomly Dropping Quantization for Extremely Low-bit Post-Training Quantization11 Mar 2022
- 2022QDrop: Randomly Dropping Quantization for Extremely Low-bit Post-Training Quantizationcited by 175
- 2022ANT: Exploiting Adaptive Numerical Data Type for Low-bit Deep Neural Network Quantizationcited by 42
- 2024Instance-Aware Group Quantization for Vision Transformerscited by 23
- 2023RobustMQ: Benchmarking Robustness of Quantized Modelscited by 19
- 2022RAPQ: Rescuing Accuracy for Power-of-Two Low-bit Post-training Quantizationcited by 14
- 2024Nearest is Not Dearest: Towards Practical Defense against Quantization-conditioned Backdoor Attackscited by 14
- 2023Quantized Feature Distillation for Network Quantizationcited by 13
- 2023EQ-Net: Elastic Quantization Neural Networkscited by 10
- 2023Poster: Self-Supervised Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillationcited by 10
- 2025Test-Time Model Adaptation for Quantized Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2023DeepGEMM: Accelerated Ultra Low-Precision Inference on CPU Architectures using Lookup Tablescited by 8
- 2022Neural Networks with Quantization Constraintscited by 4
12 most cited of 37 All 37 (JSON)
- 2026Is INT8 Portable? A Cross-Platform Measurement Study of Quantized Inference on Embedded and Automotive Accelerators14 Sep 2026
- 2026SandwichQuant: Which Parameters Matter Before and After Quantization?25 Aug 2026
- 2026Low-Dimensional High-Leverage Subspace Optimization: Beyond Full-Parameter Coupled Training for Neural Network Quantization4 Aug 2026
- 2026Efficient Tuning Before Low-Bit Post-Training Quantization for Stochastic Gradient Descent-optimized Models13 Jul 2026
- 2025Efficiently Training A Flat Neural Network Before It has been Quantizated3 Nov 2025
- 2025Rounding-Guided Backdoor Injection in Deep Learning Model Quantization5 Oct 2025
- 2025Punching Above Precision: Small Quantized Model Distillation with Learnable Regularizer25 Sep 2025
- 2025Data-Augmented Quantization-Aware Knowledge Distillation4 Sep 2025
- 2025Progressive Element-wise Gradient Estimation for Neural Network Quantization27 Aug 2025
- 2025Test-Time Model Adaptation for Quantized Neural Networks4 Aug 2025
- 2025Q-SAM2: Accurate Quantization for Segment Anything Model 211 Jun 2025
- 2025NeUQI: Near-Optimal Uniform Quantization Parameter Initialization for Low-Bit LLMs23 May 2025
12 newest of 37 All 37 (JSON)