Revisiting the Performance of iALS on Item Recommendation Benchmarks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Matrix factorization learned by implicit alternating least squares (iALS) is a popular baseline in recommender system research publications. iALS is known to be one of the most computationally efficient and scalable collaborative filtering methods. However, recent studies suggest that its prediction quality is not competitive with the current state of the art, in particular autoencoders and other item-based collaborative filtering methods. In this work, we revisit the iALS algorithm and present a bag of tricks that we found useful when applying iALS. We revisit four well-studied benchmarks where iALS was reported to perform poorly and show that with proper tuning, iALS is highly competitive and outperforms any method on at least half of the comparisons. We hope that these high quality results together with iALS's known scalability spark new interest in applying and further improving this decade old technique.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Oct 2021.
Builds on
12 of 31 references.
References · 12
- 2017Neural Collaborative Filteringcited by 1,108
- 2018Variational Autoencoders for Collaborative Filteringcited by 308
- 2020Neural Collaborative Filtering vs. Matrix Factorization Revisitedcited by 123
- 2017Fast Matrix Factorization for Online Recommendation with Implicit Feedbackcited by 100
- 2019Embarrassingly Shallow Autoencoders for Sparse Datacited by 93
- 2019A Troubling Analysis of Reproducibility and Progress in Recommender Systems Researchcited by 65
- 2019RecVAE: a New Variational Autoencoder for Top-N Recommendations with Implicit Feedbackcited by 63
- 2019On the Difficulty of Evaluating Baselines: A Study on Recommender Systemscited by 46
- 2021Towards a Better Understanding of Linear Models for Recommendationcited by 18
- 2021Item Recommendation from Implicit Feedbackcited by 17
- 2016A Generic Coordinate Descent Framework for Learning from Implicit Feedbackcited by 16
- 2019Enhancing VAEs for Collaborative Filtering: Flexible Priors & Gating Mechanismscited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 7; 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
21 papers.
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- 2023On (Normalised) Discounted Cumulative Gain as an Off-Policy Evaluation Metric for Top-n Recommendationcited by 13
- 2024Item-Language Model for Conversational Recommendationcited by 7
- 2023RecFusion: A Binomial Diffusion Process for 1D Data for Recommendationcited by 6
- 2022Bounded Simplex-Structured Matrix Factorization: Algorithms, Identifiability and Applicationscited by 5
- 2023Revisiting Recommendation Loss Functions through Contrastive Learning (Technical Report)cited by 5
- 2021ALX: Large Scale Matrix Factorization on TPUscited by 2
- 2024Recommender Systems for Good (RS4Good): Survey of Use Cases and a Call to Action for Research that Matterscited by 2
- 2025Fidelity-Aware Recommendation Explanations via Stochastic Path Integrationcited by 2
- 2022Efficient Mixed Dimension Embeddings for Matrix Factorizationcited by 1
- 2023Improving Sequential Recommendation Models with an Enhanced Loss Functioncited by 1
- 2023Safe Collaborative Filteringcited by 1
- 2023Performance Comparison of Session-based Recommendation Algorithms based on GNNscited by 1
9 more
- 2024Geometric Collaborative Filtering with Convergencecited by 1
- 2025Q3R: Quadratic Reweighted Rank Regularizer for Effective Low-Rank Trainingcited by 1
- 2023(Debiased) Contrastive Learning Loss for Recommendation (Technical Report)cited by 0
- 2024Cross-Domain Latent Factors Sharing via Implicit Matrix Factorizationcited by 0
- 2025NDCG-Consistent Softmax Approximation with Accelerated Convergencecited by 0
- 2025Leveraging Geometric Insights in Hyperbolic Triplet Loss for Improved Recommendationscited by 0
- 2025What Data is Really Necessary? A Feasibility Study of Inference Data Minimization for Recommender Systemscited by 0
- 2025Does Weighting Improve Matrix Factorization for Recommender Systems?cited by 0
- 2026Why This, Not That? Mining User Profiles for Pair-wise Counterfactualscited by 0
- 2026Why This, Not That? Mining User Profiles for Pair-wise Counterfactuals21 Aug 2026
- 2025Fidelity-Aware Recommendation Explanations via Stochastic Path Integration22 Nov 2025
- 2025Q3R: Quadratic Reweighted Rank Regularizer for Effective Low-Rank Training6 Nov 2025
- 2025Does Weighting Improve Matrix Factorization for Recommender Systems?12 Oct 2025
- 2025What Data is Really Necessary? A Feasibility Study of Inference Data Minimization for Recommender Systems29 Aug 2025
- 2025Leveraging Geometric Insights in Hyperbolic Triplet Loss for Improved Recommendations16 Aug 2025
- 2025NDCG-Consistent Softmax Approximation with Accelerated Convergence11 Jun 2025
- 2024Recommender Systems for Good (RS4Good): Survey of Use Cases and a Call to Action for Research that Matters25 Nov 2024
- 2024Geometric Collaborative Filtering with Convergence4 Oct 2024
- 2024Cross-Domain Latent Factors Sharing via Implicit Matrix Factorization23 Sep 2024
- 2024Item-Language Model for Conversational Recommendation5 Jun 2024
- 2023Performance Comparison of Session-based Recommendation Algorithms based on GNNs27 Dec 2023
9 more
- 2023Revisiting Recommendation Loss Functions through Contrastive Learning (Technical Report)13 Dec 2023
- 2023(Debiased) Contrastive Learning Loss for Recommendation (Technical Report)13 Dec 2023
- 2023On (Normalised) Discounted Cumulative Gain as an Off-Policy Evaluation Metric for Top-n Recommendation27 Jul 2023
- 2023RecFusion: A Binomial Diffusion Process for 1D Data for Recommendation15 Jun 2023
- 2023Safe Collaborative Filtering8 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Sequential Recommendation Models with an Enhanced Loss Function3 Jan 2023
- 2022Bounded Simplex-Structured Matrix Factorization: Algorithms, Identifiability and Applications26 Sep 2022
- 2022Efficient Mixed Dimension Embeddings for Matrix Factorization18 May 2022
- 2021ALX: Large Scale Matrix Factorization on TPUs3 Dec 2021
- 2023On (Normalised) Discounted Cumulative Gain as an Off-Policy Evaluation Metric for Top-n Recommendationcited by 13
- 2024Item-Language Model for Conversational Recommendationcited by 7
- 2022Bounded Simplex-Structured Matrix Factorization: Algorithms, Identifiability and Applicationscited by 5
- 2023Revisiting Recommendation Loss Functions through Contrastive Learning (Technical Report)cited by 5
- 2021ALX: Large Scale Matrix Factorization on TPUscited by 2
- 2024Recommender Systems for Good (RS4Good): Survey of Use Cases and a Call to Action for Research that Matterscited by 2
- 2025Fidelity-Aware Recommendation Explanations via Stochastic Path Integrationcited by 2
- 2022Efficient Mixed Dimension Embeddings for Matrix Factorizationcited by 1
- 2023Improving Sequential Recommendation Models with an Enhanced Loss Functioncited by 1
- 2023Safe Collaborative Filteringcited by 1
- 2023Performance Comparison of Session-based Recommendation Algorithms based on GNNscited by 1
- 2024Geometric Collaborative Filtering with Convergencecited by 1
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026Why This, Not That? Mining User Profiles for Pair-wise Counterfactuals21 Aug 2026
- 2025Fidelity-Aware Recommendation Explanations via Stochastic Path Integration22 Nov 2025
- 2025Q3R: Quadratic Reweighted Rank Regularizer for Effective Low-Rank Training6 Nov 2025
- 2025Does Weighting Improve Matrix Factorization for Recommender Systems?12 Oct 2025
- 2025What Data is Really Necessary? A Feasibility Study of Inference Data Minimization for Recommender Systems29 Aug 2025
- 2025Leveraging Geometric Insights in Hyperbolic Triplet Loss for Improved Recommendations16 Aug 2025
- 2025NDCG-Consistent Softmax Approximation with Accelerated Convergence11 Jun 2025
- 2024Recommender Systems for Good (RS4Good): Survey of Use Cases and a Call to Action for Research that Matters25 Nov 2024
- 2024Geometric Collaborative Filtering with Convergence4 Oct 2024
- 2024Cross-Domain Latent Factors Sharing via Implicit Matrix Factorization23 Sep 2024
- 2024Item-Language Model for Conversational Recommendation5 Jun 2024
- 2023Performance Comparison of Session-based Recommendation Algorithms based on GNNs27 Dec 2023
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)