LawSum: A weakly supervised approach for Indian Legal Document Summarization
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Abstract (arXiv)
Unlike the courts in western countries, public records of Indian judiciary are completely unstructured and noisy. No large scale publicly available annotated datasets of Indian legal documents exist till date. This limits the scope for legal analytics research. In this work, we propose a new dataset consisting of over 10,000 judgements delivered by the supreme court of India and their corresponding hand written summaries. The proposed dataset is pre-processed by normalising common legal abbreviations, handling spelling variations in named entities, handling bad punctuations and accurate sentence tokenization. Each sentence is tagged with their rhetorical roles. We also annotate each judgement with several attributes like date, names of the plaintiffs, defendants and the people representing them, judges who delivered the judgement, acts/statutes that are cited and the most common citations used to refer the judgement. Further, we propose an automatic labelling technique for identifying sentences which have summary worthy information. We demonstrate that this auto labeled data can be used effectively to train a weakly supervised sentence extractor with high accuracy. Some possible applications of this dataset besides legal document summarization can be in retrieval, citation analysis and prediction of decisions by a particular judge.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Oct 2021.
Builds on
13 of 46 references.
References · 13
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2020Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequencescited by 1,684
- 2019Text Summarization with Pretrained Encoderscited by 556
- 2016SummaRuNNer: A Recurrent Neural Network based Sequence Model for Extractive Summarization of Documentscited by 246
- 2019HIBERT: Document Level Pre-training of Hierarchical Bidirectional Transformers for Document Summarizationcited by 121
- 2016Neural Summarization by Extracting Sentences and Wordscited by 116
- 2019Sentence Centrality Revisited for Unsupervised Summarizationcited by 65
- 2019BottleSum: Unsupervised and Self-supervised Sentence Summarization using the Information Bottleneck Principlecited by 39
- 2019Identification of Rhetorical Roles of Sentences in Indian Legal Judgmentscited by 39
- 2017A Supervised Approach to Extractive Summarisation of Scientific Paperscited by 33
- 2021Incorporating Domain Knowledge for Extractive Summarization of Legal Case Documentscited by 23
1 more
- 2019Simple Unsupervised Summarization by Contextual Matchingcited by 18
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
6 papers.
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Process-Oriented Automatic Text Summarization with Exploration of LLM-Based Methodscited by 102
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Legal Summarization: Challenges and Future Directionscited by 6
- 2022Indian Legal Text Summarization: A Text Normalisation-based Approachcited by 2
- 2024Citation-Based Summarization of Landmark Judgmentscited by 2
- 2025AugAbEx: Bridging Abstractive and Extractive Legal Summarizationcited by 0
- 2026IMLJD: A Computational Dataset for Indian Matrimonial Litigation Analysiscited by 0
- 2026IMLJD: A Computational Dataset for Indian Matrimonial Litigation Analysis19 May 2026
- 2025AugAbEx: Bridging Abstractive and Extractive Legal Summarization15 Nov 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Legal Summarization: Challenges and Future Directions29 Jan 2025
- 2024Citation-Based Summarization of Landmark Judgments16 Jun 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Process-Oriented Automatic Text Summarization with Exploration of LLM-Based Methods5 Mar 2024
- 2022Indian Legal Text Summarization: A Text Normalisation-based Approach13 Jun 2022