mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

A Transformer Architecture for Stress Detection from ECG

arXiv 2108.09737 ↗First posted 22 Aug 2021eess.SP cs.LGcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

Electrocardiogram (ECG) has been widely used for emotion recognition. This paper presents a deep neural network based on convolutional layers and a transformer mechanism to detect stress using ECG signals. We perform leave-one-subject-out experiments on two publicly available datasets, WESAD and SWELL-KW, to evaluate our method. Our experiments show that the proposed model achieves strong results, comparable or better than the state-of-the-art models for ECG-based stress detection on these two datasets. Moreover, our method is end-to-end, does not require handcrafted features, and can learn robust representations with only a few convolutional blocks and the transformer component.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Aug 2021.

Builds on

5 of 25 references.

References · 5

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  3. 2021Transformers in Vision: A Surveycited by 1,013
  4. 2020Self-supervised ECG Representation Learning for Emotion Recognitioncited by 99
  5. 2019Self-supervised Learning for ECG-based Emotion Recognitioncited by 32

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.

27 papers.

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  1. 2024ECG Semantic Integrator (ESI): A Foundation ECG Model Pretrained with LLM-Enhanced Cardiological Textcited by 26
  2. 2023Transfer Knowledge from Natural Language to Electrocardiography: Can We Detect Cardiovascular Disease Through Language Models?cited by 21
  3. 2023Region-Disentangled Diffusion Model for High-Fidelity PPG-to-ECG Translationcited by 18
  4. 2024Low-Rank Adaptation of Time Series Foundational Models for Out-of-Domain Modality Forecastingcited by 18
  5. 2023Transformers in Healthcare: A Surveycited by 17
  6. 2022Transformer-Based Self-Supervised Learning for Emotion Recognitioncited by 16
  7. 2024Beyond LoRA: Exploring Efficient Fine-Tuning Techniques for Time Series Foundational Modelscited by 10
  8. 2022GeoECG: Data Augmentation via Wasserstein Geodesic Perturbation for Robust Electrocardiogram Predictioncited by 8
  9. 2024CLARE: Cognitive Load Assessment in REaltime with Multimodal Datacited by 8
  10. 2022On the Generalizability of ECG-based Stress Detection Modelscited by 7
  11. 2023A Comparison of Personalized and Generalized Approaches to Emotion Recognition Using Consumer Wearable Devices: Machine Learning Studycited by 7
  12. 2023Scaling Representation Learning from Ubiquitous ECG with State-Space Modelscited by 7
15 more
  1. 2022AttX: Attentive Cross-Connections for Fusion of Wearable Signals in Emotion Recognitioncited by 6
  2. 2023EEG-based Cognitive Load Classification using Feature Masked Autoencoding and Emotion Transfer Learningcited by 6
  3. 2023Context-aware Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction with Multimodal Transformercited by 4
  4. 2023Vital Sign Forecasting for Sepsis Patients in ICUscited by 4
  5. 2022Cardiac Disease Diagnosis on Imbalanced Electrocardiography Data Through Optimal Transport Augmentationcited by 2
  6. 2023Automated Cardiovascular Record Retrieval by Multimodal Learning between Electrocardiogram and Clinical Reportcited by 1
  7. 2026Stress Classification from ECG Signals Using Vision Transformercited by 1
  8. 2026Deep Temporal Modeling and Ensemble Fusion for Multimodal Emotion Recognition from Physiological Signalscited by 1
  9. 2026Retrieval-Augmented Personalization with Foundation Models for Wearable Stress Detectioncited by 1
  10. 2024Interpretable Vital Sign Forecasting with Model Agnostic Attention Mapscited by 0
  11. 2024NapTune: Efficient Model Tuning for Mood Classification using Previous Night's Sleep Measures along with Wearable Time-seriescited by 0
  12. 2024Stress Detection from Photoplethysmography in a Virtual Reality Environmentcited by 0
  13. 2025PULSE: Privileged Knowledge Transfer from Rich to Deployable Sensors for Embodied Multi-Sensory Learningcited by 0
  14. 2025Efficient-Husformer: Efficient Multimodal Transformer Hyperparameter Optimization for Stress and Cognitive Loadscited by 0
  15. 2026From Stress to Affect: Multimodal Deep Learning for Physiological Emotion Recognition Across Wearable Sensor Modalitiescited by 0