mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CVEfixes: Automated Collection of Vulnerabilities and Their Fixes from Open-Source Software

arXiv 2107.08760 ↗First posted 19 Jul 2021cs.SE cs.AI cs.CRcited by 89

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Abstract (arXiv)

Data-driven research on the automated discovery and repair of security vulnerabilities in source code requires comprehensive datasets of real-life vulnerable code and their fixes. To assist in such research, we propose a method to automatically collect and curate a comprehensive vulnerability dataset from Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) records in the public National Vulnerability Database (NVD). We implement our approach in a fully automated dataset collection tool and share an initial release of the resulting vulnerability dataset named CVEfixes. The CVEfixes collection tool automatically fetches all available CVE records from the NVD, gathers the vulnerable code and corresponding fixes from associated open-source repositories, and organizes the collected information in a relational database. Moreover, the dataset is enriched with meta-data such as programming language, and detailed code and security metrics at five levels of abstraction. The collection can easily be repeated to keep up-to-date with newly discovered or patched vulnerabilities. The initial release of CVEfixes spans all published CVEs up to 9 June 2021, covering 5365 CVE records for 1754 open-source projects that were addressed in a total of 5495 vulnerability fixing commits. CVEfixes supports various types of data-driven software security research, such as vulnerability prediction, vulnerability classification, vulnerability severity prediction, analysis of vulnerability-related code changes, and automated vulnerability repair.

Key facts. Cited by 89 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2021.

Builds on

14 of 52 references.

References · 14

  1. 2020CodeBERT: A Pre-Trained Model for Programming and Natural Languagescited by 1,286
  2. 2019Devign: Effective Vulnerability Identification by Learning Comprehensive Program Semantics via Graph Neural Networkscited by 266
  3. 2018SequenceR: Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for End-to-End Program Repaircited by 144
  4. 2018Automated Vulnerability Detection in Source Code Using Deep Representation Learningcited by 114
  5. 2021D2A: A Dataset Built for AI-Based Vulnerability Detection Methods Using Differential Analysiscited by 48
  6. 2021Applying CodeBERT for Automated Program Repair of Java Simple Bugscited by 44
  7. 2019How Often Do Single-Statement Bugs Occur? The ManySStuBs4J Datasetcited by 35
  8. 2019A Manually-Curated Dataset of Fixes to Vulnerabilities of Open-Source Softwarecited by 28
  9. 2018A Practical Approach to the Automatic Classification of Security-Relevant Commitscited by 13
  10. 2017End-to-End Prediction of Buffer Overruns from Raw Source Code via Neural Memory Networkscited by 10
  11. 2020World of Code: Enabling a Research Workflow for Mining and Analyzing the Universe of Open Source VCS datacited by 7
  12. 2021On the Rise and Fall of Simple Stupid Bugs: a Life-Cycle Analysis of SStuBscited by 2
2 more
  1. 2021A large-scale study on human-cloned changes for automated program repaircited by 2
  2. 2019Using Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Repairing C Vulnerabilitiescited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 7; 2024: 15; 2025: 35; 2026: 30.

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  1. 2023Large Language Models for Code: Security Hardening and Adversarial Testingcited by 149
  2. 2024Vulnerability Detection with Code Language Models: How Far Are We?cited by 133
  3. 2023DiverseVul: A New Vulnerable Source Code Dataset for Deep Learning Based Vulnerability Detectioncited by 98
  4. 2025SEC-bench: Automated Benchmarking of LLM Agents on Real-World Software Security Taskscited by 69
  5. 2024Vul-RAG: Enhancing LLM-based Vulnerability Detection via Knowledge-level RAGcited by 67
  6. 2023How Effective Are Neural Networks for Fixing Security Vulnerabilitiescited by 50
  7. 2025LLMs in Software Security: A Survey of Vulnerability Detection Techniques and Insightscited by 44
  8. 2024Finetuning Large Language Models for Vulnerability Detectioncited by 39
  9. 2024Generalization-Enhanced Code Vulnerability Detection via Multi-Task Instruction Fine-Tuningcited by 30
  10. 2025Large Language Model (LLM) for Software Security: Code Analysis, Malware Analysis, Reverse Engineeringcited by 15
  11. 2024Enhanced Automated Code Vulnerability Repair using Large Language Modelscited by 10
  12. 2025CASTLE: Benchmarking Dataset for Static Code Analyzers and LLMs towards CWE Detectioncited by 10
38 more
  1. 2025Teaching an Old LLM Secure Coding: Localized Preference Optimization on Distilled Preferencescited by 10
  2. 2025Large Language Models for Security Operations Centers: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
  3. 2024Software Vulnerability Prediction in Low-Resource Languages: An Empirical Study of CodeBERT and ChatGPTcited by 8
  4. 2025A Systematic Literature Review on Detecting Software Vulnerabilities with Large Language Modelscited by 8
  5. 2026ARVO: Atlas of Reproducible Vulnerabilities for Open-Source Softwarecited by 8
  6. 2025Vulnerability Detection: From Formal Verification to Large Language Models and Hybrid Approaches: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 7
  7. 2025Agent That Debugs: Dynamic State-Guided Vulnerability Repaircited by 7
  8. 2024Your Instructions Are Not Always Helpful: Assessing the Efficacy of Instruction Fine-tuning for Software Vulnerability Detectioncited by 6
  9. 2024Automated Code-centric Software Vulnerability Assessment: How Far Are We? An Empirical Study in C/C++cited by 6
  10. 2024Automatic Data Labeling for Software Vulnerability Prediction Models: How Far Are We?cited by 6
  11. 2025CoQuIR: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Code Quality-Aware Information Retrievalcited by 6
  12. 2023The EarlyBIRD Catches the Bug: On Exploiting Early Layers of Encoder Models for More Efficient Code Classificationcited by 5
  13. 2025VADER: A Human-Evaluated Benchmark for Vulnerability Assessment, Detection, Explanation, and Remediationcited by 5
  14. 2026CVE-Factory: Scaling Expert-Level Agentic Tasks for Code Security Vulnerabilitycited by 5
  15. 2025DefenderBench: A Toolkit for Evaluating Language Agents in Cybersecurity Environmentscited by 4
  16. 2025Improving LLM Reasoning for Vulnerability Detection via Group Relative Policy Optimizationcited by 4
  17. 2025LLM-based Vulnerability Discovery through the Lens of Code Metricscited by 4
  18. 2026From SFT to RL: Demystifying the Post-Training Pipeline for LLM-based Vulnerability Detectioncited by 4
  19. 2023Challenging Bug Prediction and Repair Models with Synthetic Bugscited by 3
  20. 2024SCoPE: Evaluating LLMs for Software Vulnerability Detectioncited by 3
  21. 2024Can LLM Prompting Serve as a Proxy for Static Analysis in Vulnerability Detectioncited by 3
  22. 2025Benchmarking AI Models in Software Engineering: A Review, Search Tool, and Unified Approach for Elevating Benchmark Qualitycited by 3
  23. 2025Revisiting Pre-trained Language Models for Vulnerability Detectioncited by 3
  24. 2025VULPO: Context-Aware Vulnerability Detection via On-Policy LLM Optimizationcited by 3
  25. 2025Data and Context Matter: Towards Generalizing AI-based Software Vulnerability Detectioncited by 2
  26. 2025An Empirical Study of Vulnerabilities in Python Packages and Their Detectioncited by 2
  27. 2025What Challenges Do Developers Face in AI Agent Systems? An Empirical Study on Stack Overflow & GitHub Issuescited by 2
  28. 2025Llama-based source code vulnerability detection: Prompt engineering vs Fine tuningcited by 2
  29. 2026SastBench: A Benchmark for Testing Agentic SAST Triagecited by 2
  30. 2026EvoRepair: Enhancing Vulnerability Repair Agents Through Experience-Based Self-Evolutioncited by 2
  31. 2022Enabling Automatic Repair of Source Code Vulnerabilities Using Data-Driven Methodscited by 1
  32. 2024ARVO: Atlas of Reproducible Vulnerabilities for Open-Source Softwarecited by 1
  33. 2024ANVIL: Anomaly-based Vulnerability Identification without Labelled Training Datacited by 1
  34. 2024MVD: A Multi-Lingual Software Vulnerability Detection Frameworkcited by 1
  35. 2025Generative AI for Internet of Things Security: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 1
  36. 2025PyResBugs: A Dataset of Residual Python Bugs for Natural Language-Driven Fault Injectioncited by 1
  37. 2025Accelerating Automatic Program Repair with Dual Retrieval-Augmented Fine-Tuning and Patch Generation on Large Language Modelscited by 1
  38. 2025Bridging Semantics & Structure for Software Vulnerability Detection using Hybrid Network Modelscited by 1

50 most cited of 89 All 89 (JSON)