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Itihasa: A large-scale corpus for Sanskrit to English translation

arXiv 2106.03269 ↗First posted 6 Jun 2021cs.CLcited by 13

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Abstract (arXiv)

This work introduces Itihasa, a large-scale translation dataset containing 93,000 pairs of Sanskrit shlokas and their English translations. The shlokas are extracted from two Indian epics viz., The Ramayana and The Mahabharata. We first describe the motivation behind the curation of such a dataset and follow up with empirical analysis to bring out its nuances. We then benchmark the performance of standard translation models on this corpus and show that even state-of-the-art transformer architectures perform poorly, emphasizing the complexity of the dataset.

Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Jun 2021.

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9 of 32 references.

References · 9

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2015Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Unitscited by 2,918
  4. 2021MuRIL: Multilingual Representations for Indian Languagescited by 179
  5. 2018On the Limitations of Unsupervised Bilingual Dictionary Inductioncited by 61
  6. 2020PMIndia -- A Collection of Parallel Corpora of Languages of Indiacited by 42
  7. 2020Validation and Normalization of DCS corpus using Sanskrit Heritage tools to build a tagged Gold Corpuscited by 6
  8. 2018Sanskrit Sandhi Splitting using seq2(seq)^2cited by 5
  9. 2020Sanskrit Segmentation Revisitedcited by 2

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 3; 2025: 1; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2022A Novel Multi-Task Learning Approach for Context-Sensitive Compound Type Identification in Sanskritcited by 4
  2. 2023S=amayik: A Benchmark and Dataset for English-Sanskrit Translationcited by 3
  3. 2024NLPineers@ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Hate Speech Detection using Ensembling of BERT-based modelscited by 3
  4. 2026Mitrasamgraha: A Comprehensive Classical Sanskrit Machine Translation Datasetcited by 2
  5. 2023DepNeCTI: Dependency-based Nested Compound Type Identification for Sanskritcited by 1
  6. 2026Samas=amayik: A Parallel Dataset for Hindi-Sanskrit Machine Translationcited by 1
  7. 2026Can We Triage LLM Translation Errors in Classical Texts Without Human References? Source Novelty, GEMBA Scoring, and Budgeted Review through Pali-to-English Translationcited by 1
  8. 20241-800-SHARED-TASKS @ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages: Detection of Language, Hate Speech, and Targets using LLMscited by 0
  9. 2024IITR-CIOL@NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Multilingual Hate Speech Detection and Target Identification in Devanagari-Scripted Languagescited by 0
  10. 2025Mah=an=ama: A Unique Testbed for Literary Entity Discovery and Linkingcited by 0
  11. 2026Padamitra: Grounded Glossary Generation for Classical Sanskritcited by 0
  12. 2026Fewer Words, Not Fewer Tokens: Measuring the Sanskrit Tokenization Penalty per Propositioncited by 0
1 more
  1. 2026When Do Agents Help? Embedding, LLM and Agentic Alignment of Classical Texts and Their Translationscited by 0