Tetrad: Actively Secure 4PC for Secure Training and Inference
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Abstract (arXiv)
Mixing arithmetic and boolean circuits to perform privacy-preserving machine learning has become increasingly popular. Towards this, we propose a framework for the case of four parties with at most one active corruption called Tetrad. Tetrad works over rings and supports two levels of security, fairness and robustness. The fair multiplication protocol costs 5 ring elements, improving over the state-of-the-art Trident (Chaudhari et al. NDSS'20). A key feature of Tetrad is that robustness comes for free over fair protocols. Other highlights across the two variants include (a) probabilistic truncation without overhead, (b) multi-input multiplication protocols, and (c) conversion protocols to switch between the computational domains, along with a tailor-made garbled circuit approach. Benchmarking of Tetrad for both training and inference is conducted over deep neural networks such as LeNet and VGG16. We found that Tetrad is up to 4 times faster in ML training and up to 5 times faster in ML inference. Tetrad is also lightweight in terms of deployment cost, costing up to 6 times less than Trident.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2021.
Builds on
11 of 76 references.
References · 11
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2016Membership Inference Attacks against Machine Learning Modelscited by 2,221
- 2016Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIscited by 602
- 2020FALCON: Honest-Majority Maliciously Secure Framework for Private Deep Learningcited by 74
- 2018Chameleon: A Hybrid Secure Computation Framework for Machine Learning Applicationscited by 67
- 2020BLAZE: Blazing Fast Privacy-Preserving Machine Learningcited by 32
- 2019Trident: Efficient 4PC Framework for Privacy Preserving Machine Learningcited by 26
- 2020SWIFT: Super-fast and Robust Privacy-Preserving Machine Learningcited by 20
- 2019ASTRA: High Throughput 3PC over Rings with Application to Secure Predictioncited by 18
- 2020Secure Medical Image Analysis with CrypTFlowcited by 6
- 2019Communication-Efficient (Client-Aided) Secure Two-Party Protocols and Its Applicationcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 0; 2026: 2.
8 papers.
- 2023A Survey of Trustworthy Federated Learning with Perspectives on Security, Robustness, and Privacycited by 24
- 2022ScionFL: Efficient and Robust Secure Quantized Aggregationcited by 8
- 2023WW-FL: Secure and Private Large-Scale Federated Learningcited by 2
- 2022MPClan: Protocol Suite for Privacy-Conscious Computationscited by 1
- 2024Pencil: Private and Extensible Collaborative Learning without the Non-Colluding Assumptioncited by 1
- 2024Protecting Confidentiality, Privacy and Integrity in Collaborative Learningcited by 0
- 2026LRD-MPC: Efficient MPC Inference through Low-rank Decompositioncited by 0
- 2026Secure and Privacy-Preserving Vertical Federated Learningcited by 0
- 2026Secure and Privacy-Preserving Vertical Federated Learning15 Apr 2026
- 2026LRD-MPC: Efficient MPC Inference through Low-rank Decomposition16 Feb 2026
- 2024Protecting Confidentiality, Privacy and Integrity in Collaborative Learning11 Dec 2024
- 2024Pencil: Private and Extensible Collaborative Learning without the Non-Colluding Assumption17 Mar 2024
- 2023A Survey of Trustworthy Federated Learning with Perspectives on Security, Robustness, and Privacy21 Feb 2023
- 2023WW-FL: Secure and Private Large-Scale Federated Learning20 Feb 2023
- 2022ScionFL: Efficient and Robust Secure Quantized Aggregation13 Oct 2022
- 2022MPClan: Protocol Suite for Privacy-Conscious Computations24 Jun 2022