mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Tetrad: Actively Secure 4PC for Secure Training and Inference

arXiv 2106.02850 ↗First posted 5 Jun 2021cs.CR cs.LGcited by 8

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Abstract (arXiv)

Mixing arithmetic and boolean circuits to perform privacy-preserving machine learning has become increasingly popular. Towards this, we propose a framework for the case of four parties with at most one active corruption called Tetrad. Tetrad works over rings and supports two levels of security, fairness and robustness. The fair multiplication protocol costs 5 ring elements, improving over the state-of-the-art Trident (Chaudhari et al. NDSS'20). A key feature of Tetrad is that robustness comes for free over fair protocols. Other highlights across the two variants include (a) probabilistic truncation without overhead, (b) multi-input multiplication protocols, and (c) conversion protocols to switch between the computational domains, along with a tailor-made garbled circuit approach. Benchmarking of Tetrad for both training and inference is conducted over deep neural networks such as LeNet and VGG16. We found that Tetrad is up to 4 times faster in ML training and up to 5 times faster in ML inference. Tetrad is also lightweight in terms of deployment cost, costing up to 6 times less than Trident.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2021.

Builds on

11 of 76 references.

References · 11

  1. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  2. 2016Membership Inference Attacks against Machine Learning Modelscited by 2,221
  3. 2016Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIscited by 602
  4. 2020FALCON: Honest-Majority Maliciously Secure Framework for Private Deep Learningcited by 74
  5. 2018Chameleon: A Hybrid Secure Computation Framework for Machine Learning Applicationscited by 67
  6. 2020BLAZE: Blazing Fast Privacy-Preserving Machine Learningcited by 32
  7. 2019Trident: Efficient 4PC Framework for Privacy Preserving Machine Learningcited by 26
  8. 2020SWIFT: Super-fast and Robust Privacy-Preserving Machine Learningcited by 20
  9. 2019ASTRA: High Throughput 3PC over Rings with Application to Secure Predictioncited by 18
  10. 2020Secure Medical Image Analysis with CrypTFlowcited by 6
  11. 2019Communication-Efficient (Client-Aided) Secure Two-Party Protocols and Its Applicationcited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 0; 2026: 2.

8 papers.