mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Metaphor Generation with Conceptual Mappings

arXiv 2106.01228 ↗First posted 2 Jun 2021cs.CLcited by 32

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Abstract (arXiv)

Generating metaphors is a difficult task as it requires understanding nuanced relationships between abstract concepts. In this paper, we aim to generate a metaphoric sentence given a literal expression by replacing relevant verbs. Guided by conceptual metaphor theory, we propose to control the generation process by encoding conceptual mappings between cognitive domains to generate meaningful metaphoric expressions. To achieve this, we develop two methods: 1) using FrameNet-based embeddings to learn mappings between domains and applying them at the lexical level (CM-Lex), and 2) deriving source/target pairs to train a controlled seq-to-seq generation model (CM-BART). We assess our methods through automatic and human evaluation for basic metaphoricity and conceptual metaphor presence. We show that the unsupervised CM-Lex model is competitive with recent deep learning metaphor generation systems, and CM-BART outperforms all other models both in automatic and human evaluations.

Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Jun 2021.

Builds on

16 of 52 references.

References · 16

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
  3. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,893
  4. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,375
  5. 2016Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Informationcited by 1,583
  6. 2019fairseq: A Fast, Extensible Toolkit for Sequence Modelingcited by 1,488
  7. 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,193
  8. 2016ConceptNet 5.5: An Open Multilingual Graph of General Knowledgecited by 1,067
  9. 2019Universal Adversarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing NLPcited by 722
  10. 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 541
  11. 2019COMET: Commonsense Transformers for Automatic Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 450
  12. 2021MERMAID: Metaphor Generation with Symbolism and Discriminative Decodingcited by 49
4 more
  1. 2020Aspect-Controlled Neural Argument Generationcited by 43
  2. 2017Frame-Semantic Parsing with Softmax-Margin Segmental RNNs and a Syntactic Scaffoldcited by 33
  3. 2020Metaphoric Paraphrase Generationcited by 8
  4. 2014Generating Conceptual Metaphors from Proposition Storescited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 8; 2023: 4; 2024: 7; 2025: 5; 2026: 5.

32 papers.

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  1. 2022Evaluating Human-Language Model Interactioncited by 92
  2. 2022MetaCLUE: Towards Comprehensive Visual Metaphors Researchcited by 28
  3. 2023IRFL: Image Recognition of Figurative Languagecited by 23
  4. 2021HypoGen: Hyperbole Generation with Commonsense and Counterfactual Knowledgecited by 22
  5. 2022AmbiPun: Generating Humorous Puns with Ambiguous Contextcited by 21
  6. 2023FrameBERT: Conceptual Metaphor Detection with Frame Embedding Learningcited by 18
  7. 2021ePiC: Employing Proverbs in Context as a Benchmark for Abstract Language Understandingcited by 14
  8. 2021MOVER: Mask, Over-generate and Rank for Hyperbole Generationcited by 13
  9. 2024CMDAG: A Chinese Metaphor Dataset with Annotated Grounds as CoT for Boosting Metaphor Generationcited by 11
  10. 2024MMTE: Corpus and Metrics for Evaluating Machine Translation Quality of Metaphorical Languagecited by 10
  11. 2025Cultural Bias Matters: A Cross-Cultural Benchmark Dataset and Sentiment-Enriched Model for Understanding Multimodal Metaphorscited by 10
  12. 2024Unveiling the Invisible: Captioning Videos with Metaphorscited by 7
20 more
  1. 2024Creativity in AI: Progresses and Challengescited by 7
  2. 2022Controllable Text Generation for Open-Domain Creativity and Fairnesscited by 6
  3. 2023Distinguish Before Answer: Generating Contrastive Explanation as Knowledge for Commonsense Question Answeringcited by 6
  4. 2022Probing Simile Knowledge from Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 5
  5. 2023Creative Data Generation: A Review Focusing on Text and Poetrycited by 5
  6. 2024Automatic Extraction of Metaphoric Analogies from Literary Texts: Task Formulation, Dataset Construction, and Evaluationcited by 5
  7. 2025Concept Drift Guided LayerNorm Tuning for Efficient Multimodal Metaphor Identificationcited by 3
  8. 2022Multi-Figurative Language Generationcited by 2
  9. 2026Not all ANIMALs are equal: metaphorical framing through source domains and semantic framescited by 2
  10. 2022PINEAPPLE: Personifying INanimate Entities by Acquiring Parallel Personification data for Learning Enhanced generationcited by 1
  11. 2024MetaphorShare: A Dynamic Collaborative Repository of Open Metaphor Datasetscited by 1
  12. 2025Enhancing multimodal analogical reasoning with Logic Augmented Generationcited by 1
  13. 2026MetFuse: Figurative Fusion between Metonymy and Metaphorcited by 1
  14. 2022Metaphorical Paraphrase Generation: Feeding Metaphorical Language Models with Literal Textscited by 0
  15. 2024Chinese Metaphor Recognition Using a Multi-stage Prompting Large Language Modelcited by 0
  16. 2025The Medical Metaphors Corpus (MCC)cited by 0
  17. 2025How do Language Models Generate Slang: A Systematic Comparison between Human and Machine-Generated Slang Usagescited by 0
  18. 2026Are Emotion and Rhetoric Neurons in LLM? Neuron Recognition and Adaptive Masking for Emotion-Rhetoric Prediction Steeringcited by 0
  19. 2026Exploring Concreteness Through a Figurative Lenscited by 0
  20. 2026The Multilingual FrameNet Corpuscited by 0