mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Clustering-friendly Representation Learning via Instance Discrimination and Feature Decorrelation

arXiv 2106.00131 ↗First posted 31 May 2021cs.LG cs.CVcited by 65

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Abstract (arXiv)

Clustering is one of the most fundamental tasks in machine learning. Recently, deep clustering has become a major trend in clustering techniques. Representation learning often plays an important role in the effectiveness of deep clustering, and thus can be a principal cause of performance degradation. In this paper, we propose a clustering-friendly representation learning method using instance discrimination and feature decorrelation. Our deep-learning-based representation learning method is motivated by the properties of classical spectral clustering. Instance discrimination learns similarities among data and feature decorrelation removes redundant correlation among features. We utilize an instance discrimination method in which learning individual instance classes leads to learning similarity among instances. Through detailed experiments and examination, we show that the approach can be adapted to learning a latent space for clustering. We design novel softmax-formulated decorrelation constraints for learning. In evaluations of image clustering using CIFAR-10 and ImageNet-10, our method achieves accuracy of 81.5% and 95.4%, respectively. We also show that the softmax-formulated constraints are compatible with various neural networks.

Key facts. Cited by 65 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 May 2021.

Builds on

21 of 37 references.

References · 21

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  3. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  4. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  5. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  6. 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
  7. 2018Learning deep representations by mutual information estimation and maximizationcited by 1,265
  8. 2018Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Featurescited by 1,020
  9. 2015Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysiscited by 763
  10. 2018Invariant Information Clustering for Unsupervised Image Classification and Segmentationcited by 454
  11. 2020SCAN: Learning to Classify Images without Labelscited by 351
  12. 2016Adversarial Feature Learningcited by 350
9 more
  1. 2016Towards K-means-friendly Spaces: Simultaneous Deep Learning and Clusteringcited by 237
  2. 2016Deep Unsupervised Clustering with Gaussian Mixture Variational Autoencoderscited by 219
  3. 2016Variational Deep Embedding: An Unsupervised and Generative Approach to Clusteringcited by 219
  4. 2016Joint Detection and Identification Feature Learning for Person Searchcited by 190
  5. 2017Learning Discrete Representations via Information Maximizing Self-Augmented Trainingcited by 149
  6. 2017Unsupervised Learning by Predicting Noisecited by 97
  7. 2018SpectralNet: Spectral Clustering using Deep Neural Networkscited by 94
  8. 2019Deep Comprehensive Correlation Mining for Image Clusteringcited by 80
  9. 2018RDEC: Integrating Regularization into Deep Embedded Clustering for Imbalanced Datasetscited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 11; 2023: 11; 2024: 20; 2025: 13; 2026: 4.

65 papers.

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  1. 2022Rethinking Semantic Segmentation: A Prototype Viewcited by 140
  2. 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Clustering: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 73
  3. 2023ClusterLLM: Large Language Models as a Guide for Text Clusteringcited by 69
  4. 2022Visual Recognition with Deep Nearest Centroidscited by 59
  5. 2021Learning Representation for Clustering via Prototype Scattering and Positive Samplingcited by 58
  6. 2022Neural Manifold Clustering and Embeddingcited by 44
  7. 2021You Never Cluster Alonecited by 38
  8. 2023Image Clustering with External Guidancecited by 36
  9. 2023Image Clustering via the Principle of Rate Reduction in the Age of Pretrained Modelscited by 22
  10. 2023DivClust: Controlling Diversity in Deep Clusteringcited by 18
  11. 2023VNE: An Effective Method for Improving Deep Representation by Manipulating Eigenvalue Distributioncited by 17
  12. 2024Text Clustering as Classification with LLMscited by 16
38 more
  1. 2023Unsupervised Representation Learning for Time Series: A Reviewcited by 14
  2. 2022Adversarial Contrastive Learning via Asymmetric InfoNCEcited by 13
  3. 2024P2OT: Progressive Partial Optimal Transport for Deep Imbalanced Clusteringcited by 13
  4. 2023Contextually Affinitive Neighborhood Refinery for Deep Clusteringcited by 10
  5. 2024Self-Supervised Learning of Time Series Representation via Diffusion Process and Imputation-Interpolation-Forecasting Maskcited by 10
  6. 2023Learning to Generate Text in Arbitrary Writing Stylescited by 9
  7. 2025On the Provable Importance of Gradients for Language-Assisted Image Clusteringcited by 8
  8. 2022Learning Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Representationscited by 6
  9. 2022Paying More Attention to Self-attention: Improving Pre-trained Language Models via Attention Guidingcited by 6
  10. 2022Federated Momentum Contrastive Clusteringcited by 6
  11. 2024Contextuality Helps Representation Learning for Generalized Category Discoverycited by 6
  12. 2024Forget Vectors at Play: Universal Input Perturbations Driving Machine Unlearning in Image Classificationcited by 6
  13. 2022Generalised Mutual Information for Discriminative Clusteringcited by 5
  14. 2025Hierarchical Semantic Alignment for Image Clusteringcited by 5
  15. 2024Personalized Clustering via Targeted Representation Learningcited by 4
  16. 2021Cluster Analysis with Deep Embeddings and Contrastive Learningcited by 3
  17. 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Prior Knowledgecited by 3
  18. 2024CCFC++: Enhancing Federated Clustering through Feature Decorrelationcited by 3
  19. 2024Deep Clustering with Self-Supervision using Pairwise Similaritiescited by 3
  20. 2025Cequel: Cost-Effective Querying of Large Language Models for Text Clusteringcited by 3
  21. 2021Neural Mixture Models with Expectation-Maximization for End-to-end Deep Clusteringcited by 2
  22. 2024SP2OT: Semantic-Regularized Progressive Partial Optimal Transport for Imbalanced Clusteringcited by 2
  23. 2024Deep Online Probability Aggregation Clusteringcited by 2
  24. 2024Improving Image Clustering with Artifacts Attenuation via Inference-Time Attention Engineeringcited by 2
  25. 2025Bootstrap Deep Spectral Clustering with Optimal Transportcited by 2
  26. 2025You Can Trust Your Clustering Model: A Parameter-free Self-Boosting Plug-in for Deep Clusteringcited by 2
  27. 2026Delving into Spectral Clustering with Vision-Language Representationscited by 2
  28. 2021Domain-Agnostic Clustering with Self-Distillationcited by 1
  29. 2021DeepDiffusion: Unsupervised Learning of Retrieval-adapted Representations via Diffusion-based Ranking on Latent Feature Manifoldcited by 1
  30. 2022Vision Transformer for Contrastive Clusteringcited by 1
  31. 2023Generalised Mutual Information: a Framework for Discriminative Clusteringcited by 1
  32. 2024Deep Clustering with Diffused Sampling and Hardness-aware Self-distillationcited by 1
  33. 2024Review of Data-centric Time Series Analysis from Sample, Feature, and Periodcited by 1
  34. 2024Open-Set Object Detection By Aligning Known Class Representationscited by 1
  35. 2025Keep It Light! Simplifying Image Clustering Via Text-Free Adapterscited by 1
  36. 2025Exploring Video-Based Driver Activity Recognition under Noisy Labelscited by 1
  37. 2025ClusterFusion: Hybrid Clustering with Embedding Guidance and LLM Adaptationcited by 1
  38. 2022Oracle-guided Contrastive Clusteringcited by 0

50 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)