Clustering-friendly Representation Learning via Instance Discrimination and Feature Decorrelation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Clustering is one of the most fundamental tasks in machine learning. Recently, deep clustering has become a major trend in clustering techniques. Representation learning often plays an important role in the effectiveness of deep clustering, and thus can be a principal cause of performance degradation. In this paper, we propose a clustering-friendly representation learning method using instance discrimination and feature decorrelation. Our deep-learning-based representation learning method is motivated by the properties of classical spectral clustering. Instance discrimination learns similarities among data and feature decorrelation removes redundant correlation among features. We utilize an instance discrimination method in which learning individual instance classes leads to learning similarity among instances. Through detailed experiments and examination, we show that the approach can be adapted to learning a latent space for clustering. We design novel softmax-formulated decorrelation constraints for learning. In evaluations of image clustering using CIFAR-10 and ImageNet-10, our method achieves accuracy of 81.5% and 95.4%, respectively. We also show that the softmax-formulated constraints are compatible with various neural networks.
Key facts. Cited by 65 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 May 2021.
Builds on
21 of 37 references.
References · 21
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
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- 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
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- 2018Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Featurescited by 1,020
- 2015Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysiscited by 763
- 2018Invariant Information Clustering for Unsupervised Image Classification and Segmentationcited by 454
- 2020SCAN: Learning to Classify Images without Labelscited by 351
- 2016Adversarial Feature Learningcited by 350
9 more
- 2016Towards K-means-friendly Spaces: Simultaneous Deep Learning and Clusteringcited by 237
- 2016Deep Unsupervised Clustering with Gaussian Mixture Variational Autoencoderscited by 219
- 2016Variational Deep Embedding: An Unsupervised and Generative Approach to Clusteringcited by 219
- 2016Joint Detection and Identification Feature Learning for Person Searchcited by 190
- 2017Learning Discrete Representations via Information Maximizing Self-Augmented Trainingcited by 149
- 2017Unsupervised Learning by Predicting Noisecited by 97
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- 2019Deep Comprehensive Correlation Mining for Image Clusteringcited by 80
- 2018RDEC: Integrating Regularization into Deep Embedded Clustering for Imbalanced Datasetscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 11; 2023: 11; 2024: 20; 2025: 13; 2026: 4.
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- 2022Rethinking Semantic Segmentation: A Prototype Viewcited by 140
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Clustering: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 73
- 2023ClusterLLM: Large Language Models as a Guide for Text Clusteringcited by 69
- 2022Visual Recognition with Deep Nearest Centroidscited by 59
- 2021Learning Representation for Clustering via Prototype Scattering and Positive Samplingcited by 58
- 2022Neural Manifold Clustering and Embeddingcited by 44
- 2021You Never Cluster Alonecited by 38
- 2023Image Clustering with External Guidancecited by 36
- 2023Image Clustering via the Principle of Rate Reduction in the Age of Pretrained Modelscited by 22
- 2023DivClust: Controlling Diversity in Deep Clusteringcited by 18
- 2023VNE: An Effective Method for Improving Deep Representation by Manipulating Eigenvalue Distributioncited by 17
- 2024Text Clustering as Classification with LLMscited by 16
38 more
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- 2024P2OT: Progressive Partial Optimal Transport for Deep Imbalanced Clusteringcited by 13
- 2023Contextually Affinitive Neighborhood Refinery for Deep Clusteringcited by 10
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning of Time Series Representation via Diffusion Process and Imputation-Interpolation-Forecasting Maskcited by 10
- 2023Learning to Generate Text in Arbitrary Writing Stylescited by 9
- 2025On the Provable Importance of Gradients for Language-Assisted Image Clusteringcited by 8
- 2022Learning Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Representationscited by 6
- 2022Paying More Attention to Self-attention: Improving Pre-trained Language Models via Attention Guidingcited by 6
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- 2024Contextuality Helps Representation Learning for Generalized Category Discoverycited by 6
- 2024Forget Vectors at Play: Universal Input Perturbations Driving Machine Unlearning in Image Classificationcited by 6
- 2022Generalised Mutual Information for Discriminative Clusteringcited by 5
- 2025Hierarchical Semantic Alignment for Image Clusteringcited by 5
- 2024Personalized Clustering via Targeted Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2021Cluster Analysis with Deep Embeddings and Contrastive Learningcited by 3
- 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Prior Knowledgecited by 3
- 2024CCFC++: Enhancing Federated Clustering through Feature Decorrelationcited by 3
- 2024Deep Clustering with Self-Supervision using Pairwise Similaritiescited by 3
- 2025Cequel: Cost-Effective Querying of Large Language Models for Text Clusteringcited by 3
- 2021Neural Mixture Models with Expectation-Maximization for End-to-end Deep Clusteringcited by 2
- 2024SP2OT: Semantic-Regularized Progressive Partial Optimal Transport for Imbalanced Clusteringcited by 2
- 2024Deep Online Probability Aggregation Clusteringcited by 2
- 2024Improving Image Clustering with Artifacts Attenuation via Inference-Time Attention Engineeringcited by 2
- 2025Bootstrap Deep Spectral Clustering with Optimal Transportcited by 2
- 2025You Can Trust Your Clustering Model: A Parameter-free Self-Boosting Plug-in for Deep Clusteringcited by 2
- 2026Delving into Spectral Clustering with Vision-Language Representationscited by 2
- 2021Domain-Agnostic Clustering with Self-Distillationcited by 1
- 2021DeepDiffusion: Unsupervised Learning of Retrieval-adapted Representations via Diffusion-based Ranking on Latent Feature Manifoldcited by 1
- 2022Vision Transformer for Contrastive Clusteringcited by 1
- 2023Generalised Mutual Information: a Framework for Discriminative Clusteringcited by 1
- 2024Deep Clustering with Diffused Sampling and Hardness-aware Self-distillationcited by 1
- 2024Review of Data-centric Time Series Analysis from Sample, Feature, and Periodcited by 1
- 2024Open-Set Object Detection By Aligning Known Class Representationscited by 1
- 2025Keep It Light! Simplifying Image Clustering Via Text-Free Adapterscited by 1
- 2025Exploring Video-Based Driver Activity Recognition under Noisy Labelscited by 1
- 2025ClusterFusion: Hybrid Clustering with Embedding Guidance and LLM Adaptationcited by 1
- 2022Oracle-guided Contrastive Clusteringcited by 0
50 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
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- 2026Universal Guideline-Driven Image Clustering via a Hybrid LLM Agent23 Jun 2026
- 2026Reducing Bias and Variance: Generative Semantic Guidance and Bi-Layer Ensemble for Image Clustering13 May 2026
- 2026Delving into Spectral Clustering with Vision-Language Representations10 Feb 2026
- 2025ClusterFusion: Hybrid Clustering with Embedding Guidance and LLM Adaptation4 Dec 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Semantic Alignment for Image Clustering30 Nov 2025
- 2025You Can Trust Your Clustering Model: A Parameter-free Self-Boosting Plug-in for Deep Clustering26 Nov 2025
- 2025Beyond Binary Classification: A Semi-supervised Approach to Generalized AI-generated Image Detection23 Nov 2025
- 2025Improve Contrastive Clustering Performance by Multiple Fusing-Augmenting ViT Blocks12 Nov 2025
- 2025On the Provable Importance of Gradients for Language-Assisted Image Clustering18 Oct 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Dynamic Feature Selection for Robust Latent Spaces in Vision Tasks2 Oct 2025
- 2025Center-Oriented Prototype Contrastive Clustering21 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025Multi-view Clustering via Bi-level Decoupling and Consistency Learning19 Aug 2025
- 2025Bootstrap Deep Spectral Clustering with Optimal Transport6 Aug 2025
- 2025Cequel: Cost-Effective Querying of Large Language Models for Text Clustering22 Apr 2025
- 2025Exploring Video-Based Driver Activity Recognition under Noisy Labels16 Apr 2025
- 2025Keep It Light! Simplifying Image Clustering Via Text-Free Adapters6 Feb 2025
- 2024Open-Set Object Detection By Aligning Known Class Representations30 Dec 2024
- 2024Forget Vectors at Play: Universal Input Perturbations Driving Machine Unlearning in Image Classification21 Dec 2024
- 2024Personalized Clustering via Targeted Representation Learning18 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Image Clustering with Artifacts Attenuation via Inference-Time Attention Engineering7 Oct 2024
- 2024Text Clustering as Classification with LLMs30 Sep 2024
- 2024Dual-Level Cross-Modal Contrastive Clustering6 Sep 2024
- 2024Clustering-friendly Representation Learning for Enhancing Salient Features9 Aug 2024
- 2024Image Clustering Algorithm Based on Self-Supervised Pretrained Models and Latent Feature Distribution Optimization4 Aug 2024
- 2024Contextuality Helps Representation Learning for Generalized Category Discovery29 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Online Probability Aggregation Clustering7 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning of Time Series Representation via Diffusion Process and Imputation-Interpolation-Forecasting Mask9 May 2024
- 2024Deep Clustering with Self-Supervision using Pairwise Similarities6 May 2024
- 2024Review of Data-centric Time Series Analysis from Sample, Feature, and Period24 Apr 2024
- 2024SP2OT: Semantic-Regularized Progressive Partial Optimal Transport for Imbalanced Clustering4 Apr 2024
- 2024CCFC++: Enhancing Federated Clustering through Feature Decorrelation20 Feb 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Prior Knowledge2 Feb 2024
- 2024Deep Clustering with Diffused Sampling and Hardness-aware Self-distillation25 Jan 2024
- 2024Towards Efficient and Effective Deep Clustering with Dynamic Grouping and Prototype Aggregation24 Jan 2024
- 2024Learning Representations for Clustering via Partial Information Discrimination and Cross-Level Interaction24 Jan 2024
- 2024P2OT: Progressive Partial Optimal Transport for Deep Imbalanced Clustering17 Jan 2024
- 2023Learning to Generate Text in Arbitrary Writing Styles28 Dec 2023
- 2023Contextually Affinitive Neighborhood Refinery for Deep Clustering12 Dec 2023
- 2023Grid Jigsaw Representation with CLIP: A New Perspective on Image Clustering27 Oct 2023
- 2023Image Clustering with External Guidance18 Oct 2023
- 2023Transferable Deep Clustering Model7 Oct 2023
- 2023Generalised Mutual Information: a Framework for Discriminative Clustering6 Sep 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Representation Learning for Time Series: A Review3 Aug 2023
- 2023Image Clustering via the Principle of Rate Reduction in the Age of Pretrained Models8 Jun 2023
- 2023ClusterLLM: Large Language Models as a Guide for Text Clustering24 May 2023
- 2023VNE: An Effective Method for Improving Deep Representation by Manipulating Eigenvalue Distribution4 Apr 2023
- 2023DivClust: Controlling Diversity in Deep Clustering3 Apr 2023
- 2022Oracle-guided Contrastive Clustering1 Nov 2022
- 2022Generalised Mutual Information for Discriminative Clustering12 Oct 2022
50 newest of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2022Rethinking Semantic Segmentation: A Prototype Viewcited by 140
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Clustering: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 73
- 2023ClusterLLM: Large Language Models as a Guide for Text Clusteringcited by 69
- 2022Visual Recognition with Deep Nearest Centroidscited by 59
- 2021Learning Representation for Clustering via Prototype Scattering and Positive Samplingcited by 58
- 2022Neural Manifold Clustering and Embeddingcited by 44
- 2021You Never Cluster Alonecited by 38
- 2023Image Clustering with External Guidancecited by 36
- 2023Image Clustering via the Principle of Rate Reduction in the Age of Pretrained Modelscited by 22
- 2023DivClust: Controlling Diversity in Deep Clusteringcited by 18
- 2023VNE: An Effective Method for Improving Deep Representation by Manipulating Eigenvalue Distributioncited by 17
- 2024Text Clustering as Classification with LLMscited by 16
12 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)
- 2026Universal Guideline-Driven Image Clustering via a Hybrid LLM Agent23 Jun 2026
- 2026Reducing Bias and Variance: Generative Semantic Guidance and Bi-Layer Ensemble for Image Clustering13 May 2026
- 2025ClusterFusion: Hybrid Clustering with Embedding Guidance and LLM Adaptation4 Dec 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Semantic Alignment for Image Clustering30 Nov 2025
- 2025You Can Trust Your Clustering Model: A Parameter-free Self-Boosting Plug-in for Deep Clustering26 Nov 2025
- 2025Beyond Binary Classification: A Semi-supervised Approach to Generalized AI-generated Image Detection23 Nov 2025
- 2025Improve Contrastive Clustering Performance by Multiple Fusing-Augmenting ViT Blocks12 Nov 2025
- 2025On the Provable Importance of Gradients for Language-Assisted Image Clustering18 Oct 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Dynamic Feature Selection for Robust Latent Spaces in Vision Tasks2 Oct 2025
- 2025Center-Oriented Prototype Contrastive Clustering21 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-view Clustering via Bi-level Decoupling and Consistency Learning19 Aug 2025
- 2025Bootstrap Deep Spectral Clustering with Optimal Transport6 Aug 2025
12 newest of 62 All 62 (JSON)