Exploration and Exploitation: Two Ways to Improve Chinese Spelling Correction Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
A sequence-to-sequence learning with neural networks has empirically proven to be an effective framework for Chinese Spelling Correction (CSC), which takes a sentence with some spelling errors as input and outputs the corrected one. However, CSC models may fail to correct spelling errors covered by the confusion sets, and also will encounter unseen ones. We propose a method, which continually identifies the weak spots of a model to generate more valuable training instances, and apply a task-specific pre-training strategy to enhance the model. The generated adversarial examples are gradually added to the training set. Experimental results show that such an adversarial training method combined with the pretraining strategy can improve both the generalization and robustness of multiple CSC models across three different datasets, achieving stateof-the-art performance for CSC task.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 May 2021.
Builds on
8 of 21 references.
References · 8
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,114
- 2017Adversarial Examples for Evaluating Reading Comprehension Systemscited by 568
- 2017Generating Natural Adversarial Examplescited by 182
- 2015Neural Responding Machine for Short-Text Conversationcited by 124
- 2018Seq2Sick: Evaluating the Robustness of Sequence-to-Sequence Models with Adversarial Examplescited by 93
- 2020Spelling Error Correction with Soft-Masked BERTcited by 90
- 2020SpellGCN: Incorporating Phonological and Visual Similarities into Language Models for Chinese Spelling Checkcited by 57
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 7; 2024: 1; 2025: 1.
17 papers.
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- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2022The Past Mistake is the Future Wisdom: Error-driven Contrastive Probability Optimization for Chinese Spell Checkingcited by 56
- 2023On the (In)Effectiveness of Large Language Models for Chinese Text Correctioncited by 53
- 2022Learning from the Dictionary: Heterogeneous Knowledge Guided Fine-tuning for Chinese Spell Checkingcited by 31
- 2022General and Domain Adaptive Chinese Spelling Check with Error Consistent Pretrainingcited by 25
- 2023Rethinking Masked Language Modeling for Chinese Spelling Correctioncited by 19
- 2023Chinese Spelling Correction as Rephrasing Language Modelcited by 15
- 2023A Frustratingly Easy Plug-and-Play Detection-and-Reasoning Module for Chinese Spelling Checkcited by 15
- 2023Correct Like Humans: Progressive Learning Framework for Chinese Text Error Correctioncited by 13
- 2022uChecker: Masked Pretrained Language Models as Unsupervised Chinese Spelling Checkerscited by 9
- 2022MCSCSet: A Specialist-annotated Dataset for Medical-domain Chinese Spelling Correctioncited by 8
- 2022SDCL: Self-Distillation Contrastive Learning for Chinese Spell Checkingcited by 4
5 more
- 2022Pretraining Chinese BERT for Detecting Word Insertion and Deletion Errorscited by 1
- 2023Block the Label and Noise: An N-Gram Masked Speller for Chinese Spell Checkingcited by 0
- 2023Make BERT-based Chinese Spelling Check Model Enhanced by Layerwise Attention and Gaussian Mixture Modelcited by 0
- 2024EdaCSC: Two Easy Data Augmentation Methods for Chinese Spelling Correctioncited by 0
- 2025Adaptive Sparse Softmax: An Effective and Efficient Softmax Variantcited by 0
- 2025Adaptive Sparse Softmax: An Effective and Efficient Softmax Variant5 Aug 2025
- 2024EdaCSC: Two Easy Data Augmentation Methods for Chinese Spelling Correction8 Sep 2024
- 2023Make BERT-based Chinese Spelling Check Model Enhanced by Layerwise Attention and Gaussian Mixture Model27 Dec 2023
- 2023A Frustratingly Easy Plug-and-Play Detection-and-Reasoning Module for Chinese Spelling Check13 Oct 2023
- 2023Chinese Spelling Correction as Rephrasing Language Model17 Aug 2023
- 2023On the (In)Effectiveness of Large Language Models for Chinese Text Correction18 Jul 2023
- 2023Correct Like Humans: Progressive Learning Framework for Chinese Text Error Correction30 Jun 2023
- 2023Rethinking Masked Language Modeling for Chinese Spelling Correction28 May 2023
- 2023Block the Label and Noise: An N-Gram Masked Speller for Chinese Spell Checking5 May 2023
- 2022SDCL: Self-Distillation Contrastive Learning for Chinese Spell Checking31 Oct 2022
- 2022MCSCSet: A Specialist-annotated Dataset for Medical-domain Chinese Spelling Correction21 Oct 2022
- 2022Learning from the Dictionary: Heterogeneous Knowledge Guided Fine-tuning for Chinese Spell Checking19 Oct 2022
5 more
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and review6 Oct 2022
- 2022uChecker: Masked Pretrained Language Models as Unsupervised Chinese Spelling Checkers15 Sep 2022
- 2022Pretraining Chinese BERT for Detecting Word Insertion and Deletion Errors26 Apr 2022
- 2022General and Domain Adaptive Chinese Spelling Check with Error Consistent Pretraining21 Mar 2022
- 2022The Past Mistake is the Future Wisdom: Error-driven Contrastive Probability Optimization for Chinese Spell Checking2 Mar 2022
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2022The Past Mistake is the Future Wisdom: Error-driven Contrastive Probability Optimization for Chinese Spell Checkingcited by 56
- 2023On the (In)Effectiveness of Large Language Models for Chinese Text Correctioncited by 53
- 2022Learning from the Dictionary: Heterogeneous Knowledge Guided Fine-tuning for Chinese Spell Checkingcited by 31
- 2022General and Domain Adaptive Chinese Spelling Check with Error Consistent Pretrainingcited by 25
- 2023Chinese Spelling Correction as Rephrasing Language Modelcited by 15
- 2023A Frustratingly Easy Plug-and-Play Detection-and-Reasoning Module for Chinese Spelling Checkcited by 15
- 2023Correct Like Humans: Progressive Learning Framework for Chinese Text Error Correctioncited by 13
- 2022uChecker: Masked Pretrained Language Models as Unsupervised Chinese Spelling Checkerscited by 9
- 2022MCSCSet: A Specialist-annotated Dataset for Medical-domain Chinese Spelling Correctioncited by 8
- 2022SDCL: Self-Distillation Contrastive Learning for Chinese Spell Checkingcited by 4
- 2022Pretraining Chinese BERT for Detecting Word Insertion and Deletion Errorscited by 1
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025Adaptive Sparse Softmax: An Effective and Efficient Softmax Variant5 Aug 2025
- 2024EdaCSC: Two Easy Data Augmentation Methods for Chinese Spelling Correction8 Sep 2024
- 2023Make BERT-based Chinese Spelling Check Model Enhanced by Layerwise Attention and Gaussian Mixture Model27 Dec 2023
- 2023A Frustratingly Easy Plug-and-Play Detection-and-Reasoning Module for Chinese Spelling Check13 Oct 2023
- 2023Chinese Spelling Correction as Rephrasing Language Model17 Aug 2023
- 2023On the (In)Effectiveness of Large Language Models for Chinese Text Correction18 Jul 2023
- 2023Correct Like Humans: Progressive Learning Framework for Chinese Text Error Correction30 Jun 2023
- 2023Block the Label and Noise: An N-Gram Masked Speller for Chinese Spell Checking5 May 2023
- 2022SDCL: Self-Distillation Contrastive Learning for Chinese Spell Checking31 Oct 2022
- 2022MCSCSet: A Specialist-annotated Dataset for Medical-domain Chinese Spelling Correction21 Oct 2022
- 2022Learning from the Dictionary: Heterogeneous Knowledge Guided Fine-tuning for Chinese Spell Checking19 Oct 2022
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and review6 Oct 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)