Deep Learning Radio Frequency Signal Classification with Hybrid Images
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
In recent years, Deep Learning (DL) has been successfully applied to detect and classify Radio Frequency (RF) Signals. A DL approach is especially useful since it identifies the presence of a signal without needing full protocol information, and can also detect and/or classify non-communication waveforms, such as radar signals. In this work, we focus on the different pre-processing steps that can be used on the input training data, and test the results on a fixed DL architecture. While previous works have mostly focused exclusively on either time-domain or frequency domain approaches, we propose a hybrid image that takes advantage of both time and frequency domain information, and tackles the classification as a Computer Vision problem. Our initial results point out limitations to classical pre-processing approaches while also showing that it's possible to build a classifier that can leverage the strengths of multiple signal representations.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 May 2021.
Builds on
11 of 23 references.
References · 11
- 2017Over the Air Deep Learning Based Radio Signal Classificationcited by 121
- 2016Convolutional Radio Modulation Recognition Networkscited by 106
- 2017Distributed Deep Learning Models for Wireless Signal Classification with Low-Cost Spectrum Sensorscited by 44
- 2019Robust and Fast Automatic Modulation Classification with CNN under Multipath Fading Channelscited by 14
- 2017Wireless Interference Identification with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 13
- 2017End-to-end Learning from Spectrum Data: A Deep Learning approach for Wireless Signal Identification in Spectrum Monitoring applicationscited by 13
- 2020Drone classification from RF fingerprints using deep residual netscited by 7
- 2017Spectrum Monitoring for Radar Bands using Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6
- 2018Multi-Label Wireless Interference Identification with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2019Deep Learning for Interference Identification: Band, Training SNR, and Sample Selectioncited by 2
- 2020RF-Based Low-SNR Classification of UAVs Using Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
4 papers.
- 2025DenoMAE2.0: Improving Denoising Masked Autoencoders by Classifying Local Patchescited by 3
- 2025AI/ML-Based Automatic Modulation Recognition: Recent Trends and Future Possibilitiescited by 2
- 2024T-PRIME: Transformer-based Protocol Identification for Machine-learning at the Edgecited by 0
- 2024Deep Learning for Low-Latency, Quantum-Ready RF Sensingcited by 0
- 2025DenoMAE2.0: Improving Denoising Masked Autoencoders by Classifying Local Patches25 Feb 2025
- 2025AI/ML-Based Automatic Modulation Recognition: Recent Trends and Future Possibilities7 Feb 2025
- 2024Deep Learning for Low-Latency, Quantum-Ready RF Sensing27 Apr 2024
- 2024T-PRIME: Transformer-based Protocol Identification for Machine-learning at the Edge9 Jan 2024