Temporal-Spatial Feature Pyramid for Video Saliency Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-level features are important for saliency detection. Better combination and use of multi-level features with time information can greatly improve the accuracy of the video saliency model. In order to fully combine multi-level features and make it serve the video saliency model, we propose a 3D fully convolutional encoder-decoder architecture for video saliency detection, which combines scale, space and time information for video saliency modeling. The encoder extracts multi-scale temporal-spatial features from the input continuous video frames, and then constructs temporal-spatial feature pyramid through temporal-spatial convolution and top-down feature integration. The decoder performs hierarchical decoding of temporal-spatial features from different scales, and finally produces a saliency map from the integration of multiple video frames. Our model is simple yet effective, and can run in real time. We perform abundant experiments, and the results indicate that the well-designed structure can improve the precision of video saliency detection significantly. Experimental results on three purely visual video saliency benchmarks and six audio-video saliency benchmarks demonstrate that our method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 May 2021.
Builds on
28 of 46 references.
References · 28
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16 more
- 2017Rethinking Spatiotemporal Feature Learning: Speed-Accuracy Trade-offs in Video Classificationcited by 521
- 2016RefineNet: Multi-Path Refinement Networks for High-Resolution Semantic Segmentationcited by 463
- 2016SoundNet: Learning Sound Representations from Unlabeled Videocited by 244
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- 2020Unified Image and Video Saliency Modelingcited by 74
- 2018Revisiting Video Saliency: A Large-scale Benchmark and a New Modelcited by 66
- 2019TASED-Net: Temporally-Aggregating Spatial Encoder-Decoder Network for Video Saliency Detectioncited by 58
- 2020ViNet: Pushing the limits of Visual Modality for Audio-Visual Saliency Predictioncited by 42
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- 2013Actions in the Eye: Dynamic Gaze Datasets and Learnt Saliency Models for Visual Recognitioncited by 36
- 2019Simple vs complex temporal recurrences for video saliency predictioncited by 25
- 2020Hierarchical Domain-Adapted Feature Learning for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 24
- 2016Recurrent Mixture Density Network for Spatiotemporal Visual Attentioncited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 0; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 5; 2026: 6.
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- 2023Listen to Look into the Future: Audio-Visual Egocentric Gaze Anticipationcited by 20
- 2021Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention Network for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 19
- 2023CASP-Net: Rethinking Video Saliency Prediction from an Audio-VisualConsistency Perceptual Perspectivecited by 15
- 2024DiffSal: Joint Audio and Video Learning for Diffusion Saliency Predictioncited by 13
- 2024SalFoM: Dynamic Saliency Prediction with Video Foundation Modelscited by 9
- 2023TinyHD: Efficient Video Saliency Prediction with Heterogeneous Decoders using Hierarchical Maps Distillationcited by 8
- 2024Transformer-based Video Saliency Prediction with High Temporal Dimension Decodingcited by 7
- 2024Shifting Focus with HCEye: Exploring the Dynamics of Visual Highlighting and Cognitive Load on User Attention and Saliency Predictioncited by 6
- 2025Minimalistic Video Saliency Prediction via Efficient Decoder & Spatio Temporal Action Cuescited by 4
- 2025Text-Audio-Visual-conditioned Diffusion Model for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 3
- 2026ViSAGE @ NTIRE 2026 Challenge on Video Saliency Predictioncited by 2
- 2023NPF-200: A Multi-Modal Eye Fixation Dataset and Method for Non-Photorealistic Videoscited by 1
10 more
- 2023UniST: Towards Unifying Saliency Transformer for Video Saliency Prediction and Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Relevance-guided Audio Visual Fusion for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 1
- 2025DTFSal: Audio-Visual Dynamic Token Fusion for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 1
- 2026Exploring deep learning for Event-Based Saliency Prediction with a Transformer-based modelcited by 1
- 2026Attend to Anything: Foundation Model for Unified Human Attention Modelingcited by 1
- 2025EditIQ: Automated Cinematic Editing of Static Wide-Angle Videos via Dialogue Interpretation and Saliency Cuescited by 0
- 2025Simplifying Knowledge Transfer in Pretrained Modelscited by 0
- 2026Int3DNet: Scene-Motion Cross Attention Network for 3D Intention Prediction in Mixed Realitycited by 0
- 2026BIAS: A Biologically Inspired Algorithm for Video Saliency Detectioncited by 0
- 2026ViASNet: A Video Ad Saliency Network for Predicting Dynamic Saliency and Viewer Engagementcited by 0
- 2026Attend to Anything: Foundation Model for Unified Human Attention Modeling2 Jun 2026
- 2026ViASNet: A Video Ad Saliency Network for Predicting Dynamic Saliency and Viewer Engagement28 May 2026
- 2026Exploring deep learning for Event-Based Saliency Prediction with a Transformer-based model22 May 2026
- 2026BIAS: A Biologically Inspired Algorithm for Video Saliency Detection10 Apr 2026
- 2026ViSAGE @ NTIRE 2026 Challenge on Video Saliency Prediction9 Apr 2026
- 2026Int3DNet: Scene-Motion Cross Attention Network for 3D Intention Prediction in Mixed Reality9 Mar 2026
- 2025Simplifying Knowledge Transfer in Pretrained Models25 Oct 2025
- 2025Text-Audio-Visual-conditioned Diffusion Model for Video Saliency Prediction19 Apr 2025
- 2025DTFSal: Audio-Visual Dynamic Token Fusion for Video Saliency Prediction14 Apr 2025
- 2025EditIQ: Automated Cinematic Editing of Static Wide-Angle Videos via Dialogue Interpretation and Saliency Cues4 Feb 2025
- 2025Minimalistic Video Saliency Prediction via Efficient Decoder & Spatio Temporal Action Cues1 Feb 2025
- 2024Relevance-guided Audio Visual Fusion for Video Saliency Prediction18 Nov 2024
10 more
- 2024Shifting Focus with HCEye: Exploring the Dynamics of Visual Highlighting and Cognitive Load on User Attention and Saliency Prediction22 Apr 2024
- 2024SalFoM: Dynamic Saliency Prediction with Video Foundation Models3 Apr 2024
- 2024DiffSal: Joint Audio and Video Learning for Diffusion Saliency Prediction2 Mar 2024
- 2024Transformer-based Video Saliency Prediction with High Temporal Dimension Decoding15 Jan 2024
- 2023UniST: Towards Unifying Saliency Transformer for Video Saliency Prediction and Detection15 Sep 2023
- 2023NPF-200: A Multi-Modal Eye Fixation Dataset and Method for Non-Photorealistic Videos23 Aug 2023
- 2023Listen to Look into the Future: Audio-Visual Egocentric Gaze Anticipation6 May 2023
- 2023CASP-Net: Rethinking Video Saliency Prediction from an Audio-VisualConsistency Perceptual Perspective11 Mar 2023
- 2023TinyHD: Efficient Video Saliency Prediction with Heterogeneous Decoders using Hierarchical Maps Distillation11 Jan 2023
- 2021Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention Network for Video Saliency Prediction24 Aug 2021
- 2023Listen to Look into the Future: Audio-Visual Egocentric Gaze Anticipationcited by 20
- 2021Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention Network for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 19
- 2023CASP-Net: Rethinking Video Saliency Prediction from an Audio-VisualConsistency Perceptual Perspectivecited by 15
- 2024DiffSal: Joint Audio and Video Learning for Diffusion Saliency Predictioncited by 13
- 2024SalFoM: Dynamic Saliency Prediction with Video Foundation Modelscited by 9
- 2023TinyHD: Efficient Video Saliency Prediction with Heterogeneous Decoders using Hierarchical Maps Distillationcited by 8
- 2024Transformer-based Video Saliency Prediction with High Temporal Dimension Decodingcited by 7
- 2024Shifting Focus with HCEye: Exploring the Dynamics of Visual Highlighting and Cognitive Load on User Attention and Saliency Predictioncited by 6
- 2025Minimalistic Video Saliency Prediction via Efficient Decoder & Spatio Temporal Action Cuescited by 4
- 2026ViSAGE @ NTIRE 2026 Challenge on Video Saliency Predictioncited by 2
- 2023NPF-200: A Multi-Modal Eye Fixation Dataset and Method for Non-Photorealistic Videoscited by 1
- 2023UniST: Towards Unifying Saliency Transformer for Video Saliency Prediction and Detectioncited by 1
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Attend to Anything: Foundation Model for Unified Human Attention Modeling2 Jun 2026
- 2026ViASNet: A Video Ad Saliency Network for Predicting Dynamic Saliency and Viewer Engagement28 May 2026
- 2026Exploring deep learning for Event-Based Saliency Prediction with a Transformer-based model22 May 2026
- 2026BIAS: A Biologically Inspired Algorithm for Video Saliency Detection10 Apr 2026
- 2026ViSAGE @ NTIRE 2026 Challenge on Video Saliency Prediction9 Apr 2026
- 2026Int3DNet: Scene-Motion Cross Attention Network for 3D Intention Prediction in Mixed Reality9 Mar 2026
- 2025Simplifying Knowledge Transfer in Pretrained Models25 Oct 2025
- 2025DTFSal: Audio-Visual Dynamic Token Fusion for Video Saliency Prediction14 Apr 2025
- 2025EditIQ: Automated Cinematic Editing of Static Wide-Angle Videos via Dialogue Interpretation and Saliency Cues4 Feb 2025
- 2025Minimalistic Video Saliency Prediction via Efficient Decoder & Spatio Temporal Action Cues1 Feb 2025
- 2024Relevance-guided Audio Visual Fusion for Video Saliency Prediction18 Nov 2024
- 2024Shifting Focus with HCEye: Exploring the Dynamics of Visual Highlighting and Cognitive Load on User Attention and Saliency Prediction22 Apr 2024
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)