Semi-Supervised Learning of Classifiers from a Statistical Perspective: A Brief Review
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Abstract (arXiv)
There has been increasing attention to semi-supervised learning (SSL) approaches in machine learning to forming a classifier in situations where the training data for a classifier consists of a limited number of classified observations but a much larger number of unclassified observations. This is because the procurement of classified data can be quite costly due to high acquisition costs and subsequent financial, time, and ethical issues that can arise in attempts to provide the true class labels for the unclassified data that have been acquired. We provide here a review of statistical SSL approaches to this problem, focussing on the recent result that a classifier formed from a partially classified sample can actually have smaller expected error rate than that if the sample were completely classified.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2021.
Builds on
18 of 67 references.
References · 18
- 2020FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidencecited by 2,080
- 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,390
- 2019Unsupervised Data Augmentation for Consistency Trainingcited by 1,057
- 2016Temporal Ensembling for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,054
- 2017Virtual Adversarial Training: A Regularization Method for Supervised and Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 918
- 2019ReMixMatch: Semi-Supervised Learning with Distribution Alignment and Augmentation Anchoringcited by 349
- 2018A Kernel Theory of Modern Data Augmentationcited by 106
- 2020Can I Trust My Fairness Metric? Assessing Fairness with Unlabeled Data and Bayesian Inferencecited by 31
- 2019When can unlabeled data improve the learning rate?cited by 14
- 2019RealMix: Towards Realistic Semi-Supervised Deep Learning Algorithmscited by 11
- 2020Meta-Semi: A Meta-learning Approach for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 11
- 2019An Apparent Paradox: A Classifier Trained from a Partially Classified Sample May Have Smaller Expected Error Rate Than That If the Sample Were Completely Classifiedcited by 8
6 more
- 2013Fractionally-Supervised Classificationcited by 2
- 2017On Fractionally-Supervised Classification: Weight Selection and Extension to the Multivariate t-Distributioncited by 2
- 2020Local Clustering with Mean Teacher for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 2
- 2021Harmless label noise and informative soft-labels in supervised classificationcited by 2
- 2020Estimation of Classification Rules from Partially Classified Datacited by 1
- 2020A comparative study of semi- and self-supervised semantic segmentation of biomedical microscopy datacited by 1
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
7 papers.
- 2024Annotations on a Budget: Leveraging Geo-Data Similarity to Balance Model Performance and Annotation Costcited by 5
- 2022Analysis of Estimating the Bayes Rule for Gaussian Mixture Models with a Specified Missing-Data Mechanismcited by 1
- 2024Rethinking Multiple Instance Learning: Developing an Instance-Level Classifier via Weakly-Supervised Self-Trainingcited by 1
- 2025Informative missingness and its implications in semi-supervised learningcited by 1
- 2025SSLfmm: An R Package for Semi-Supervised Learning with Mixed Missingnesscited by 0
- 2026Learning from Uncertainty-dependent Missing Labels for Semi-supervised Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Semi-Supervised Classification with Informative Missing Labels in Weibull Mixture Modelscited by 0
- 2026Semi-Supervised Classification with Informative Missing Labels in Weibull Mixture Models1 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning from Uncertainty-dependent Missing Labels for Semi-supervised Classification25 Aug 2026
- 2025Informative missingness and its implications in semi-supervised learning4 Dec 2025
- 2025SSLfmm: An R Package for Semi-Supervised Learning with Mixed Missingness3 Dec 2025
- 2024Rethinking Multiple Instance Learning: Developing an Instance-Level Classifier via Weakly-Supervised Self-Training9 Aug 2024
- 2024Annotations on a Budget: Leveraging Geo-Data Similarity to Balance Model Performance and Annotation Cost12 Mar 2024
- 2022Analysis of Estimating the Bayes Rule for Gaussian Mixture Models with a Specified Missing-Data Mechanism25 Oct 2022