TSception: Capturing Temporal Dynamics and Spatial Asymmetry from EEG for Emotion Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
The high temporal resolution and the asymmetric spatial activations are essential attributes of electroencephalogram (EEG) underlying emotional processes in the brain. To learn the temporal dynamics and spatial asymmetry of EEG towards accurate and generalized emotion recognition, we propose TSception, a multi-scale convolutional neural network that can classify emotions from EEG. TSception consists of dynamic temporal, asymmetric spatial, and high-level fusion layers, which learn discriminative representations in the time and channel dimensions simultaneously. The dynamic temporal layer consists of multi-scale 1D convolutional kernels whose lengths are related to the sampling rate of EEG, which learns the dynamic temporal and frequency representations of EEG. The asymmetric spatial layer takes advantage of the asymmetric EEG patterns for emotion, learning the discriminative global and hemisphere representations. The learned spatial representations will be fused by a high-level fusion layer. Using more generalized cross-validation settings, the proposed method is evaluated on two publicly available datasets DEAP and MAHNOB-HCI. The performance of the proposed network is compared with prior reported methods such as SVM, KNN, FBFgMDM, FBTSC, Unsupervised learning, DeepConvNet, ShallowConvNet, and EEGNet. TSception achieves higher classification accuracies and F1 scores than other methods in most of the experiments. The codes are available at https://github.com/yi-ding-cs/TSception
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2021.
Builds on
7 of 63 references.
References · 7
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
- 2014Going Deeper with Convolutionscited by 4,231
- 2013Deep Inside Convolutional Networks: Visualising Image Classification Models and Saliency Mapscited by 2,348
- 2016EEGNet: A Compact Convolutional Network for EEG-based Brain-Computer Interfacescited by 616
- 2016Identifying Stable Patterns over Time for Emotion Recognition from EEGcited by 42
- 2017Spatial-Temporal Recurrent Neural Network for Emotion Recognitioncited by 37
- 2020TSception: A Deep Learning Framework for Emotion Detection Using EEGcited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 6; 2024: 8; 2025: 15; 2026: 18.
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- 2024CBraMod: A Criss-Cross Brain Foundation Model for EEG Decodingcited by 188
- 2021Transformer-based Spatial-Temporal Feature Learning for EEG Decodingcited by 92
- 2024EEG-Deformer: A Dense Convolutional Transformer for Brain-computer Interfacescited by 25
- 2024EmT: A Novel Transformer for Generalized Cross-subject EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 23
- 2023Interpretable and Robust AI in EEG Systems: A Surveycited by 10
- 2023MASA-TCN: Multi-anchor Space-aware Temporal Convolutional Neural Networks for Continuous and Discrete EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024LibEER: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Algorithm Library for EEG-based Emotion Recognitioncited by 8
- 2026DeeperBrain: A Neuro-Grounded EEG Foundation Model Towards Universal BCIcited by 7
- 2023Temporal Aware Mixed Attention-based Convolution and Transformer Network (MACTN) for EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025MSGM: A Multi-Scale Spatiotemporal Graph Mamba for EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 4
- 2022ConTraNet: A single end-to-end hybrid network for EEG-based and EMG-based human machine interfacescited by 3
- 2024BrainGPT: Unleashing the Potential of EEG Generalist Foundation Model by Autoregressive Pre-trainingcited by 3
38 more
- 2025PhysioSync: Temporal and Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning Inspired by Physiological Synchronization for EEG-Based Emotion Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023LMDA-Net:A lightweight multi-dimensional attention network for general EEG-based brain-computer interface paradigms and interpretabilitycited by 2
- 2025Interpretable Dual-Filter Fuzzy Neural Networks for Affective Brain-Computer Interfacescited by 2
- 2025Decoding Covert Speech from EEG Using a Functional Areas Spatio-Temporal Transformercited by 2
- 2025Evaluation in EEG Emotion Recognition: State-of-the-Art Review and Unified Frameworkcited by 2
- 2025LEAF: Language-EEG Aligned Foundation Model for Brain-Computer Interfacescited by 2
- 2026HEEGNet: Hyperbolic Embeddings for EEGcited by 2
- 2023Emotion recognition based on multi-modal electrophysiology multi-head attention Contrastive Learningcited by 1
- 2024Adaptive Modality Balanced Online Knowledge Distillation for Brain-Eye-Computer based Dim Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Spatial-Temporal Transformer with Curriculum Learning for EEG-Based Emotion Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025BrainPro: Towards Large-scale Brain State-aware EEG Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2025Modified TSception for Analyzing Driver Drowsiness and Mental Workload from EEGcited by 1
- 2026NAKUL-Med: Spectral-Graph State Space Models with Dynamics Kernels for Medical Signalscited by 1
- 2022Rethinking Saliency Map: An Context-aware Perturbation Method to Explain EEG-based Deep Learning Modelcited by 0
- 2023A Lightweight Domain Adversarial Neural Network Based on Knowledge Distillation for EEG-based Cross-subject Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
- 2024Wearable Device-Based Real-Time Monitoring of Physiological Signals: Evaluating Cognitive Load Across Different Taskscited by 0
- 2024LDGCN: An Edge-End Lightweight Dual GCN Based on Single-Channel EEG for Driver Drowsiness Monitoringcited by 0
- 2025Protecting Intellectual Property of EEG-based Neural Networks with Watermarkingcited by 0
- 2025EEG2GAIT: A Hierarchical Graph Convolutional Network for EEG-based Gait Decodingcited by 0
- 2025Consumer-friendly EEG-based Emotion Recognition System: A Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Network Approachcited by 0
- 2025The Role of Review Process Failures in Affective State Estimation: An Empirical Investigation of DEAP Datasetcited by 0
- 2025DLGE: Dual Local-Global Encoding for Generalizable Cross-BCI-Paradigmcited by 0
- 2025EEG-based Graph-guided Domain Adaptation for Robust Cross-Session Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Region-aware Spatiotemporal Modeling with Collaborative Domain Generalization for Cross-Subject EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Three-Way Emotion Classification of EEG-based Signals using Machine Learningcited by 0
- 2026EEG-Driven Intention Decoding: Offline Deep Learning Benchmarking on a Robotic Rovercited by 0
- 2026Group Resonance Network: Learnable Prototypes and Multi-Subject Resonance for EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026LI-DSN: A Layer-wise Interactive Dual-Stream Network for EEG Decodingcited by 0
- 2026DLink: Distilling Layer-wise and Dominant Knowledge from EEG Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026Mind2Drive: Predicting Driver Intentions from EEG in Real-world On-Road Drivingcited by 0
- 2026Foundation Model Guided Dual-Branch Co-Adaptation for Source-Free EEG Decodingcited by 0
- 2026EvoBrain: Continual Learning of EEG Foundation Models Across Heterogeneous BCI Taskscited by 0
- 2026RECTOR: Masked Region-Channel-Temporal Modeling for Affective and Cognitive Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2026EEG-PRIME: Prototype-Aligned Representation Learning with Multi-Level Conditioning for EEG Decodingcited by 0
- 2026Beyond Flattened Tokens: Structure-Preserving EEG Decoding with Reusable TriDim Blockscited by 0
- 2026Graph Learning for Cross-Subject, Cross-Population EEG Emotion Decoding and Model-Derived Spatial-Spectral Neural Signaturescited by 0
- 2026Adaptive Forgetting for Nonstationary Optimization: Towards Robust EEG Decodingcited by 0
- 2026AutoBCI: Forecast-Guided Agentic Neural Architecture Discovery for EEG-Based Brain--Computer Interfacescited by 0
- 2026AutoBCI: Forecast-Guided Agentic Neural Architecture Discovery for EEG-Based Brain--Computer Interfaces28 Sep 2026
- 2026Adaptive Forgetting for Nonstationary Optimization: Towards Robust EEG Decoding21 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Flattened Tokens: Structure-Preserving EEG Decoding with Reusable TriDim Blocks17 Sep 2026
- 2026Graph Learning for Cross-Subject, Cross-Population EEG Emotion Decoding and Model-Derived Spatial-Spectral Neural Signatures13 Aug 2026
- 2026EEG-PRIME: Prototype-Aligned Representation Learning with Multi-Level Conditioning for EEG Decoding13 Aug 2026
- 2026RECTOR: Masked Region-Channel-Temporal Modeling for Affective and Cognitive Representation Learning13 Jun 2026
- 2026EvoBrain: Continual Learning of EEG Foundation Models Across Heterogeneous BCI Tasks1 Jun 2026
- 2026NAKUL-Med: Spectral-Graph State Space Models with Dynamics Kernels for Medical Signals24 Apr 2026
- 2026Foundation Model Guided Dual-Branch Co-Adaptation for Source-Free EEG Decoding21 Apr 2026
- 2026Mind2Drive: Predicting Driver Intentions from EEG in Real-world On-Road Driving21 Apr 2026
- 2026DLink: Distilling Layer-wise and Dominant Knowledge from EEG Foundation Models16 Apr 2026
- 2026LI-DSN: A Layer-wise Interactive Dual-Stream Network for EEG Decoding2 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026Group Resonance Network: Learnable Prototypes and Multi-Subject Resonance for EEG Emotion Recognition11 Mar 2026
- 2026EEG-Driven Intention Decoding: Offline Deep Learning Benchmarking on a Robotic Rover23 Feb 2026
- 2026Three-Way Emotion Classification of EEG-based Signals using Machine Learning31 Jan 2026
- 2026Region-aware Spatiotemporal Modeling with Collaborative Domain Generalization for Cross-Subject EEG Emotion Recognition22 Jan 2026
- 2026HEEGNet: Hyperbolic Embeddings for EEG6 Jan 2026
- 2026DeeperBrain: A Neuro-Grounded EEG Foundation Model Towards Universal BCI5 Jan 2026
- 2025EEG-based Graph-guided Domain Adaptation for Robust Cross-Session Emotion Recognition29 Dec 2025
- 2025Modified TSception for Analyzing Driver Drowsiness and Mental Workload from EEG25 Dec 2025
- 2025LEAF: Language-EEG Aligned Foundation Model for Brain-Computer Interfaces29 Sep 2025
- 2025BrainPro: Towards Large-scale Brain State-aware EEG Representation Learning26 Sep 2025
- 2025DLGE: Dual Local-Global Encoding for Generalizable Cross-BCI-Paradigm25 Aug 2025
- 2025The Role of Review Process Failures in Affective State Estimation: An Empirical Investigation of DEAP Dataset4 Aug 2025
- 2025MSGM: A Multi-Scale Spatiotemporal Graph Mamba for EEG Emotion Recognition21 Jul 2025
- 2025Spatial-Temporal Transformer with Curriculum Learning for EEG-Based Emotion Recognition19 Jul 2025
- 2025Consumer-friendly EEG-based Emotion Recognition System: A Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Network Approach19 Jun 2025
- 2025Evaluation in EEG Emotion Recognition: State-of-the-Art Review and Unified Framework14 May 2025
- 2025PhysioSync: Temporal and Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning Inspired by Physiological Synchronization for EEG-Based Emotion Recognition24 Apr 2025
- 2025Decoding Covert Speech from EEG Using a Functional Areas Spatio-Temporal Transformer2 Apr 2025
- 2025EEG2GAIT: A Hierarchical Graph Convolutional Network for EEG-based Gait Decoding2 Apr 2025
- 2025Protecting Intellectual Property of EEG-based Neural Networks with Watermarking9 Feb 2025
- 2025Interpretable Dual-Filter Fuzzy Neural Networks for Affective Brain-Computer Interfaces29 Jan 2025
- 2024CBraMod: A Criss-Cross Brain Foundation Model for EEG Decoding10 Dec 2024
- 2024BrainGPT: Unleashing the Potential of EEG Generalist Foundation Model by Autoregressive Pre-training14 Oct 2024
- 2024LibEER: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Algorithm Library for EEG-based Emotion Recognition13 Oct 2024
- 2024LDGCN: An Edge-End Lightweight Dual GCN Based on Single-Channel EEG for Driver Drowsiness Monitoring8 Jul 2024
- 2024Adaptive Modality Balanced Online Knowledge Distillation for Brain-Eye-Computer based Dim Object Detection2 Jul 2024
- 2024EmT: A Novel Transformer for Generalized Cross-subject EEG Emotion Recognition26 Jun 2024
- 2024Wearable Device-Based Real-Time Monitoring of Physiological Signals: Evaluating Cognitive Load Across Different Tasks11 Jun 2024
- 2024EEG-Deformer: A Dense Convolutional Transformer for Brain-computer Interfaces25 Apr 2024
- 2023MASA-TCN: Multi-anchor Space-aware Temporal Convolutional Neural Networks for Continuous and Discrete EEG Emotion Recognition30 Aug 2023
- 2023Emotion recognition based on multi-modal electrophysiology multi-head attention Contrastive Learning12 Jul 2023
- 2023Temporal Aware Mixed Attention-based Convolution and Transformer Network (MACTN) for EEG Emotion Recognition18 May 2023
- 2023A Lightweight Domain Adversarial Neural Network Based on Knowledge Distillation for EEG-based Cross-subject Emotion Recognition12 May 2023
- 2023Interpretable and Robust AI in EEG Systems: A Survey21 Apr 2023
- 2023LMDA-Net:A lightweight multi-dimensional attention network for general EEG-based brain-computer interface paradigms and interpretability29 Mar 2023
- 2022ConTraNet: A single end-to-end hybrid network for EEG-based and EMG-based human machine interfaces21 Jun 2022
- 2022Rethinking Saliency Map: An Context-aware Perturbation Method to Explain EEG-based Deep Learning Model30 May 2022
- 2021Transformer-based Spatial-Temporal Feature Learning for EEG Decoding11 Jun 2021
- 2024CBraMod: A Criss-Cross Brain Foundation Model for EEG Decodingcited by 188
- 2021Transformer-based Spatial-Temporal Feature Learning for EEG Decodingcited by 92
- 2024EEG-Deformer: A Dense Convolutional Transformer for Brain-computer Interfacescited by 25
- 2024EmT: A Novel Transformer for Generalized Cross-subject EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 23
- 2023Interpretable and Robust AI in EEG Systems: A Surveycited by 10
- 2023MASA-TCN: Multi-anchor Space-aware Temporal Convolutional Neural Networks for Continuous and Discrete EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024LibEER: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Algorithm Library for EEG-based Emotion Recognitioncited by 8
- 2026DeeperBrain: A Neuro-Grounded EEG Foundation Model Towards Universal BCIcited by 7
- 2023Temporal Aware Mixed Attention-based Convolution and Transformer Network (MACTN) for EEG Emotion Recognitioncited by 4
- 2022ConTraNet: A single end-to-end hybrid network for EEG-based and EMG-based human machine interfacescited by 3
- 2024BrainGPT: Unleashing the Potential of EEG Generalist Foundation Model by Autoregressive Pre-trainingcited by 3
- 2025PhysioSync: Temporal and Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning Inspired by Physiological Synchronization for EEG-Based Emotion Recognitioncited by 3
12 most cited of 48 All 48 (JSON)
- 2026Adaptive Forgetting for Nonstationary Optimization: Towards Robust EEG Decoding21 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Flattened Tokens: Structure-Preserving EEG Decoding with Reusable TriDim Blocks17 Sep 2026
- 2026Graph Learning for Cross-Subject, Cross-Population EEG Emotion Decoding and Model-Derived Spatial-Spectral Neural Signatures13 Aug 2026
- 2026EEG-PRIME: Prototype-Aligned Representation Learning with Multi-Level Conditioning for EEG Decoding13 Aug 2026
- 2026RECTOR: Masked Region-Channel-Temporal Modeling for Affective and Cognitive Representation Learning13 Jun 2026
- 2026EvoBrain: Continual Learning of EEG Foundation Models Across Heterogeneous BCI Tasks1 Jun 2026
- 2026NAKUL-Med: Spectral-Graph State Space Models with Dynamics Kernels for Medical Signals24 Apr 2026
- 2026Foundation Model Guided Dual-Branch Co-Adaptation for Source-Free EEG Decoding21 Apr 2026
- 2026Mind2Drive: Predicting Driver Intentions from EEG in Real-world On-Road Driving21 Apr 2026
- 2026DLink: Distilling Layer-wise and Dominant Knowledge from EEG Foundation Models16 Apr 2026
- 2026LI-DSN: A Layer-wise Interactive Dual-Stream Network for EEG Decoding2 Apr 2026
- 2026Group Resonance Network: Learnable Prototypes and Multi-Subject Resonance for EEG Emotion Recognition11 Mar 2026
12 newest of 48 All 48 (JSON)