mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

White Box Methods for Explanations of Convolutional Neural Networks in Image Classification Tasks

arXiv 2104.02548 ↗First posted 6 Apr 2021cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 3

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

In recent years, deep learning has become prevalent to solve applications from multiple domains. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) particularly have demonstrated state of the art performance for the task of image classification. However, the decisions made by these networks are not transparent and cannot be directly interpreted by a human. Several approaches have been proposed to explain to understand the reasoning behind a prediction made by a network. In this paper, we propose a topology of grouping these methods based on their assumptions and implementations. We focus primarily on white box methods that leverage the information of the internal architecture of a network to explain its decision. Given the task of image classification and a trained CNN, this work aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of a set of methods that can be used to create explanation maps for a particular image, that assign an importance score to each pixel of the image based on its contribution to the decision of the network. We also propose a further classification of the white box methods based on their implementations to enable better comparisons and help researchers find methods best suited for different scenarios.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2021.

Builds on

30 of 65 references.

References · 30

  1. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,364
  2. 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,364
  3. 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,733
  4. 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,155
  5. 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,070
  6. 2017Squeeze-and-Excitation Networkscited by 4,789
  7. 2017Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networkscited by 3,384
  8. 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,436
  9. 2013Deep Inside Convolutional Networks: Visualising Image Classification Models and Saliency Mapscited by 2,371
  10. 2013Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networkscited by 2,290
  11. 2017Learning Important Features Through Propagating Activation Differencescited by 1,458
  12. 2015DeepFool: a simple and accurate method to fool deep neural networkscited by 1,318
18 more
  1. 2014How transferable are features in deep neural networks?cited by 1,225
  2. 2018Sanity Checks for Saliency Mapscited by 1,156
  3. 2017SmoothGrad: removing noise by adding noisecited by 1,109
  4. 2014Striving for Simplicity: The All Convolutional Netcited by 990
  5. 2018A Survey Of Methods For Explaining Black Box Modelscited by 973
  6. 2017One pixel attack for fooling deep neural networkscited by 582
  7. 2015Evaluating the visualization of what a Deep Neural Network has learnedcited by 419
  8. 2019Unmasking Clever Hans Predictors and Assessing What Machines Really Learncited by 365
  9. 2015Explaining NonLinear Classification Decisions with Deep Taylor Decompositioncited by 250
  10. 2017Improving the Adversarial Robustness and Interpretability of Deep Neural Networks by Regularizing their Input Gradientscited by 236
  11. 2017Distilling a Neural Network Into a Soft Decision Treecited by 236
  12. 2016What do different evaluation metrics tell us about saliency models?cited by 185
  13. 2017The Shattered Gradients Problem: If resnets are the answer, then what is the question?cited by 157
  14. 2020Proxy Tasks and Subjective Measures Can Be Misleading in Evaluating Explainable AI Systemscited by 139
  15. 2019Deep Neural Networks Improve Radiologists' Performance in Breast Cancer Screeningcited by 95
  16. 2018Attacks Meet Interpretability: Attribute-steered Detection of Adversarial Samplescited by 38
  17. 2020Combining Similarity and Adversarial Learning to Generate Visual Explanation: Application to Medical Image Classificationcited by 3
  18. 2016Saliency Driven Object recognition in egocentric videos with deep CNNcited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 1.

3 papers.