A Two-stage Framework for Compound Figure Separation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Scientific literature contains large volumes of complex, unstructured figures that are compound in nature (i.e. composed of multiple images, graphs, and drawings). Separation of these compound figures is critical for information retrieval from these figures. In this paper, we propose a new strategy for compound figure separation, which decomposes the compound figures into constituent subfigures while preserving the association between the subfigures and their respective caption components. We propose a two-stage framework to address the proposed compound figure separation problem. In particular, the subfigure label detection module detects all subfigure labels in the first stage. Then, in the subfigure detection module, the detected subfigure labels help to detect the subfigures by optimizing the feature selection process and providing the global layout information as extra features. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed framework, which improves the detection precision by 9%.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 17 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Jan 2021.
Builds on
8 of 17 references.
References · 8
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
- 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,829
- 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
- 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,429
- 2017A Data Driven Approach for Compound Figure Separation Using Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 10
- 2016Automatic Separation of Compound Figures in Scientific Articlescited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 0; 2025: 0; 2026: 2.
8 papers.
- 2021Audacity of huge: overcoming challenges of data scarcity and data quality for machine learning in computational materials discoverycited by 10
- 2021Compound Figure Separation of Biomedical Images with Side Losscited by 8
- 2021Plot2Spectra: an Automatic Spectra Extraction Toolcited by 5
- 2023Mystique: Deconstructing SVG Charts for Layout Reusecited by 4
- 2022Compound Figure Separation of Biomedical Images: Mining Large Datasets for Self-supervised Learningcited by 1
- 2023Integrating curation into scientific publishing to train AI modelscited by 1
- 2026FigEx2: Visual-Conditioned Panel Detection and Captioning for Scientific Compound Figurescited by 0
- 2026Harnessing X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Data through Multimodal Mining of Battery Literaturecited by 0
- 2026Harnessing X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Data through Multimodal Mining of Battery Literature26 Jul 2026
- 2026FigEx2: Visual-Conditioned Panel Detection and Captioning for Scientific Compound Figures12 Jan 2026
- 2023Integrating curation into scientific publishing to train AI models31 Oct 2023
- 2023Mystique: Deconstructing SVG Charts for Layout Reuse25 Jul 2023
- 2022Compound Figure Separation of Biomedical Images: Mining Large Datasets for Self-supervised Learning30 Aug 2022
- 2021Audacity of huge: overcoming challenges of data scarcity and data quality for machine learning in computational materials discovery2 Nov 2021
- 2021Compound Figure Separation of Biomedical Images with Side Loss19 Jul 2021
- 2021Plot2Spectra: an Automatic Spectra Extraction Tool6 Jul 2021