mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Optimal Policy Trees

arXiv 2012.02279 ↗First posted 3 Dec 2020cs.LGcited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose an approach for learning optimal tree-based prescription policies directly from data, combining methods for counterfactual estimation from the causal inference literature with recent advances in training globally-optimal decision trees. The resulting method, Optimal Policy Trees, yields interpretable prescription policies, is highly scalable, and handles both discrete and continuous treatments. We conduct extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets and demonstrate that these trees offer best-in-class performance across a wide variety of problems.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Dec 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 4.

19 papers.

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  1. 2022Constrained Prescriptive Trees via Column Generationcited by 6
  2. 2021Interpretable Personalized Experimentationcited by 3
  3. 2023A Machine Learning Approach to Two-Stage Adaptive Robust Optimizationcited by 3
  4. 2023ODTlearn: A Package for Learning Optimal Decision Trees for Prediction and Prescriptioncited by 2
  5. 2023Fairness Implications of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation with Machine Learning Methods in Policy-makingcited by 2
  6. 2022Convex Surrogate Loss Functions for Contextual Pricing with Transaction Datacited by 1
  7. 2023Reducing Air Pollution through Machine Learningcited by 1
  8. 2023Learning Prescriptive ReLU Networkscited by 1
  9. 2023The R.O.A.D. to precision medicinecited by 1
  10. 2024Policy Trees for Prediction: Interpretable and Adaptive Model Selection for Machine Learningcited by 1
  11. 2025Adaptive Forests For Classificationcited by 1
  12. 2025Towards Optimal Valve Prescription for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) Surgery: A Machine Learning Approachcited by 1
7 more
  1. 2021Holistic Deep Learningcited by 0
  2. 2022Policy learning for many outcomes of interest: Combining optimal policy trees with multi-objective Bayesian optimisationcited by 0
  3. 2024PresAIse, A Prescriptive AI Solution for Enterprisescited by 0
  4. 2024Applications of 0-1 Neural Networks in Prescription and Predictioncited by 0
  5. 2024Robust personalized pricing under uncertainty of purchase probabilitiescited by 0
  6. 2025Prescribe-then-Select: Adaptive Policy Selection for Contextual Stochastic Optimizationcited by 0
  7. 2025An Interpretable AI Tool for SAVR vs TAVR in Low to Intermediate Risk Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosiscited by 0