Learning from Simulation, Racing in Reality
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a reinforcement learning-based solution to autonomously race on a miniature race car platform. We show that a policy that is trained purely in simulation using a relatively simple vehicle model, including model randomization, can be successfully transferred to the real robotic setup. We achieve this by using novel policy output regularization approach and a lifted action space which enables smooth actions but still aggressive race car driving. We show that this regularized policy does outperform the Soft Actor Critic (SAC) baseline method, both in simulation and on the real car, but it is still outperformed by a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) state of the art method. The refinement of the policy with three hours of real-world interaction data allows the reinforcement learning policy to achieve lap times similar to the MPC controller while reducing track constraint violations by 50%.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
12 papers.
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racingcited by 56
- 2021Safe Autonomous Racing via Approximate Reachability on Ego-visioncited by 13
- 2022A Benchmark Comparison of Imitation Learning-based Control Policies for Autonomous Racingcited by 11
- 2022TC-Driver: Trajectory Conditioned Driving for Robust Autonomous Racing -- A Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 6
- 2024Autonomous Driving Small-Scale Cars: A Survey of Recent Developmentcited by 6
- 2022Learn-to-Race Challenge 2022: Benchmarking Safe Learning and Cross-domain Generalisation in Autonomous Racingcited by 4
- 2023Data-efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning for Vehicle Trajectory Controlcited by 4
- 2023Lane-Keeping Control of Autonomous Vehicles Through a Soft-Constrained Iterative LQRcited by 3
- 2025RLPP: A Residual Method for Zero-Shot Real-World Autonomous Racing on Scaled Platformscited by 2
- 2023Partial End-to-end Reinforcement Learning for Robustness Against Modelling Error in Autonomous Racingcited by 1
- 2024Mixed-Reality Digital Twins: Leveraging the Physical and Virtual Worlds for Hybrid Sim2Real Transition of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Policiescited by 1
- 2026DAMPER: Return-Prioritized Gradient Control for Smooth Policiescited by 0
- 2026DAMPER: Return-Prioritized Gradient Control for Smooth Policies30 Sep 2026
- 2025RLPP: A Residual Method for Zero-Shot Real-World Autonomous Racing on Scaled Platforms28 Jan 2025
- 2024Autonomous Driving Small-Scale Cars: A Survey of Recent Development9 Apr 2024
- 2024Mixed-Reality Digital Twins: Leveraging the Physical and Virtual Worlds for Hybrid Sim2Real Transition of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Policies16 Mar 2024
- 2023Partial End-to-end Reinforcement Learning for Robustness Against Modelling Error in Autonomous Racing11 Dec 2023
- 2023Data-efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning for Vehicle Trajectory Control30 Nov 2023
- 2023Lane-Keeping Control of Autonomous Vehicles Through a Soft-Constrained Iterative LQR28 Nov 2023
- 2022A Benchmark Comparison of Imitation Learning-based Control Policies for Autonomous Racing29 Sep 2022
- 2022TC-Driver: Trajectory Conditioned Driving for Robust Autonomous Racing -- A Reinforcement Learning Approach19 May 2022
- 2022Learn-to-Race Challenge 2022: Benchmarking Safe Learning and Cross-domain Generalisation in Autonomous Racing5 May 2022
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racing14 Feb 2022
- 2021Safe Autonomous Racing via Approximate Reachability on Ego-vision14 Oct 2021