Quantum algorithms for matrix scaling and matrix balancing

Matrix scaling and matrix balancing are two basic linear-algebraic problems with a wide variety of applications, such as approximating the permanent, and pre-conditioning linear systems to make them more numerically stable. We study the power and limitations of quantum algorithms for these problems. We provide quantum implementations of two classical (in both senses of the word) methods: Sinkhorn's algorithm for matrix scaling and Osborne's algorithm for matrix balancing. Using amplitude estimation as our main tool, our quantum implementations both run in time tilde O(√mn/varepsilon4) for scaling or balancing an n × n matrix (given by an oracle) with m non-zero entries to within ℓ1-error varepsilon. Their classical analogs use time tilde O(m/varepsilon2), and every classical algorithm for scaling or balancing with small constant varepsilon requires Omega(m) queries to the entries of the input matrix. We thus achieve a polynomial speed-up in terms of n, at the expense of a worse polynomial dependence on the obtained ℓ1-error varepsilon. We emphasize that even for constant varepsilon these problems are already non-trivial (and relevant in applications). Along the way, we extend the classical analysis of Sinkhorn's and Osborne's algorithm to allow for errors in the computation of marginals. We also adapt an improved analysis of Sinkhorn's algorithm for entrywise-positive matrices to the ℓ1-setting, leading to an tilde O(n1.5/varepsilon3)-time quantum algorithm for varepsilon-ℓ1-scaling in this case. We also prove a lower bound, showing that our quantum algorithm for matrix scaling is essentially optimal for constant varepsilon: every quantum algorithm for matrix scaling that achieves a constant ℓ1-error with respect to uniform marginals needs to make at least Omega(√mn) queries.