Don't Patronize Me! An Annotated Dataset with Patronizing and Condescending Language towards Vulnerable Communities
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we introduce a new annotated dataset which is aimed at supporting the development of NLP models to identify and categorize language that is patronizing or condescending towards vulnerable communities (e.g. refugees, homeless people, poor families). While the prevalence of such language in the general media has long been shown to have harmful effects, it differs from other types of harmful language, in that it is generally used unconsciously and with good intentions. We furthermore believe that the often subtle nature of patronizing and condescending language (PCL) presents an interesting technical challenge for the NLP community. Our analysis of the proposed dataset shows that identifying PCL is hard for standard NLP models, with language models such as BERT achieving the best results.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Text Detoxification using Large Pre-trained Neural Modelscited by 52
- 2023Facilitating Fine-grained Detection of Chinese Toxic Language: Hierarchical Taxonomy, Resources, and Benchmarkscited by 45
- 2024Language Models for Text Classification: Is In-Context Learning Enough?cited by 39
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Modelscited by 26
- 2021Predicting Different Types of Subtle Toxicity in Unhealthy Online Conversationscited by 5
- 2022BEIKE NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Prompt-Based Paragraph Classification for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 4
- 2023The crime of being poorcited by 4
- 2022ML_LTU at SemEval-2022 Task 4: T5 Towards Identifying Patronizing and Condescending Languagecited by 3
- 2022Xu at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Pre-BERT Neural Network Methods vs Post-BERT RoBERTa Approach for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 3
- 2022PALI-NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Discriminative Fine-tuning of Transformers for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Towards Patronizing and Condescending Language in Chinese Videos: A Multimodal Dataset and Detectorcited by 2
- 2022AfriWOZ: Corpus for Exploiting Cross-Lingual Transferability for Generation of Dialogues in Low-Resource, African Languagescited by 1
7 more
- 2024PclGPT: A Large Language Model for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 1
- 2022SATLab at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Trying to Detect Patronizing and Condescending Language with only Character and Word N-gramscited by 0
- 2022UTSA NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: An Exploration of Simple Ensembles of Transformers, Convolutional, and Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2022UMass PCL at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Pre-trained Language Model Ensembles for Detecting Patronizing and Condescending Languagecited by 0
- 2022Taygete at SemEval-2022 Task 4: RoBERTa based models for detecting Patronising and Condescending Languagecited by 0
- 2025CPCLDETECTOR: Knowledge Enhancement and Alignment Selection for Chinese Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Benevolent Bias in Multi-Turn Human-Agent Dialoguecited by 0
- 2026Benevolent Bias in Multi-Turn Human-Agent Dialogue29 Aug 2026
- 2025CPCLDETECTOR: Knowledge Enhancement and Alignment Selection for Chinese Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection23 Sep 2025
- 2024PclGPT: A Large Language Model for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection1 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Patronizing and Condescending Language in Chinese Videos: A Multimodal Dataset and Detector8 Sep 2024
- 2024Language Models for Text Classification: Is In-Context Learning Enough?26 Mar 2024
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Models26 May 2023
- 2023Facilitating Fine-grained Detection of Chinese Toxic Language: Hierarchical Taxonomy, Resources, and Benchmarks8 May 2023
- 2023The crime of being poor24 Mar 2023
- 2022Xu at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Pre-BERT Neural Network Methods vs Post-BERT RoBERTa Approach for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection13 Nov 2022
- 2022BEIKE NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Prompt-Based Paragraph Classification for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection2 Aug 2022
- 2022Taygete at SemEval-2022 Task 4: RoBERTa based models for detecting Patronising and Condescending Language22 Apr 2022
- 2022UMass PCL at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Pre-trained Language Model Ensembles for Detecting Patronizing and Condescending Language18 Apr 2022
7 more
- 2022AfriWOZ: Corpus for Exploiting Cross-Lingual Transferability for Generation of Dialogues in Low-Resource, African Languages17 Apr 2022
- 2022ML_LTU at SemEval-2022 Task 4: T5 Towards Identifying Patronizing and Condescending Language15 Apr 2022
- 2022UTSA NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: An Exploration of Simple Ensembles of Transformers, Convolutional, and Recurrent Neural Networks28 Mar 2022
- 2022SATLab at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Trying to Detect Patronizing and Condescending Language with only Character and Word N-grams10 Mar 2022
- 2022PALI-NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Discriminative Fine-tuning of Transformers for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection9 Mar 2022
- 2021Text Detoxification using Large Pre-trained Neural Models18 Sep 2021
- 2021Predicting Different Types of Subtle Toxicity in Unhealthy Online Conversations7 Jun 2021
- 2026Benevolent Bias in Multi-Turn Human-Agent Dialoguecited by 0
- 2026Benevolent Bias in Multi-Turn Human-Agent Dialogue29 Aug 2026
- 2021Text Detoxification using Large Pre-trained Neural Modelscited by 52
- 2023Facilitating Fine-grained Detection of Chinese Toxic Language: Hierarchical Taxonomy, Resources, and Benchmarkscited by 45
- 2024Language Models for Text Classification: Is In-Context Learning Enough?cited by 39
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Modelscited by 26
- 2021Predicting Different Types of Subtle Toxicity in Unhealthy Online Conversationscited by 5
- 2022BEIKE NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Prompt-Based Paragraph Classification for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 4
- 2023The crime of being poorcited by 4
- 2022ML_LTU at SemEval-2022 Task 4: T5 Towards Identifying Patronizing and Condescending Languagecited by 3
- 2022Xu at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Pre-BERT Neural Network Methods vs Post-BERT RoBERTa Approach for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 3
- 2022PALI-NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Discriminative Fine-tuning of Transformers for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Towards Patronizing and Condescending Language in Chinese Videos: A Multimodal Dataset and Detectorcited by 2
- 2022AfriWOZ: Corpus for Exploiting Cross-Lingual Transferability for Generation of Dialogues in Low-Resource, African Languagescited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2025CPCLDETECTOR: Knowledge Enhancement and Alignment Selection for Chinese Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection23 Sep 2025
- 2024PclGPT: A Large Language Model for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection1 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Patronizing and Condescending Language in Chinese Videos: A Multimodal Dataset and Detector8 Sep 2024
- 2024Language Models for Text Classification: Is In-Context Learning Enough?26 Mar 2024
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Models26 May 2023
- 2023Facilitating Fine-grained Detection of Chinese Toxic Language: Hierarchical Taxonomy, Resources, and Benchmarks8 May 2023
- 2023The crime of being poor24 Mar 2023
- 2022Xu at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Pre-BERT Neural Network Methods vs Post-BERT RoBERTa Approach for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection13 Nov 2022
- 2022BEIKE NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Prompt-Based Paragraph Classification for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection2 Aug 2022
- 2022Taygete at SemEval-2022 Task 4: RoBERTa based models for detecting Patronising and Condescending Language22 Apr 2022
- 2022UMass PCL at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Pre-trained Language Model Ensembles for Detecting Patronizing and Condescending Language18 Apr 2022
- 2022AfriWOZ: Corpus for Exploiting Cross-Lingual Transferability for Generation of Dialogues in Low-Resource, African Languages17 Apr 2022
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)